{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:35:37Z","timestamp":1761975337752,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,17]],"date-time":"2013-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have developed a pen and writing tablet for use by subjects during fMRI scanning. The pen consists of two jacketed, multi-mode optical fibers routed to the tip of a hollowed-out ball-point pen. The pen has been further modified by addition of a plastic plate to maintain a perpendicular pen-tablet orientation. The tablet is simply a non-metallic frame holding a paper print of continuously varying color gradients. The optical fibers are routed out of the MRI bore to a light-tight box in an adjacent control room. Within the box, light from a high intensity LED is coupled into one of the fibers, while the other fiber abuts a color sensor. Light from the LED exits the pen tip, illuminating a small spot on the tablet, and the resulting reflected light is routed to the color sensor. Given a lookup table of position for each color on the tablet, the coordinates of the pen on the tablet may be displayed and digitized in real-time. While simple and inexpensive, the system achieves sufficient resolution to grade writing tasks testing dysgraphic and dyslexic phenomena.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130405099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,17]],"date-time":"2013-04-17T12:13:38Z","timestamp":1366200818000},"page":"5099-5108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Low-Cost, Computer-Interfaced Drawing Pad for fMRI Studies of Dysgraphia and Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Frederick","family":"Reitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrument Development Lab, Center on Human Development and Disability,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Brain Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle,  WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrument Development Lab, Center on Human Development and Disability,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Boord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Brain Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle,  WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Askren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Brain Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle,  WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrument Development Lab, Center on Human Development and Disability,  University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Berninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Brain Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle,  WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31824b003e","article-title":"Performance validation of a modified magnetic resonance imaging-compatible temperature probe in children","volume":"114","author":"Nasr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2095853","article-title":"MRI-compatible intensity-modulated force sensor for cardiac catheterization procedures","volume":"58","author":"Polygerinos","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1515\/bmte.2002.47.s1b.664","article-title":"Development of a cost-effective and MRI compatible temperature measurement system","volume":"47","author":"Golombeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Tech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/22.8.1125","article-title":"Acquisition of electrophysiologic signals during magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"22","author":"Parker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.013","article-title":"An fMRI study of the trail making test","volume":"43","author":"Zakzanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21013","article-title":"A new tablet for writing and drawing during functional MRI","volume":"32","author":"Tam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Map."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Dyslexia A to Z. Available online: http:\/\/www.dyslexiaa2z.com\/learning_difficulties\/dysgraphia\/dysgraphia_definition.html."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"FMRIB Software Library (FSL). Available online: http:\/\/fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062","article-title":"Fast robust automated brain extraction","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Map."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132","article-title":"Improved optimisation for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images","volume":"17","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1012","article-title":"A probabilistic atlas of the human brain: theory and rationale for its development","volume":"2","author":"Mazziotta","year":"1995","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0915","article-title":"A probabilistic atlas and reference system for the human brain: International consortium for brain mapping","volume":"356","author":"Mazziotta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2001.0080401","article-title":"Four-dimensional probabilistic atlas of the human brain","volume":"20018","author":"Mazziotta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Amer. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl.10.22","article-title":"Inter-relationships among behavioral markers, genes, brain, and treatment in dyslexia and dysgraphia","volume":"5","author":"Berninger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Neurol"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/4\/5099\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:46:12Z","timestamp":1760219172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/4\/5099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,17]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s130405099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130405099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,17]]}}}