{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:47:46Z","timestamp":1773791266440,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]],"date-time":"2013-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, an amperometric immunosensor for the detection of carbofuran was developed. Firstly, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene  sheets-ethyleneimine polymer-Au (GS-PEI-Au) nanocomposites were modified onto the surface of a glass carbon electrode (GCE) via self-assembly. The nanocomposites can increase the surface area of the GCE to capture a large amount of antibody, as well as produce a synergistic effect in the electrochemical performance. Then the modified electrode was coated with gold nanoparticles-antibody conjugate (AuNPs-Ab) and blocked with BSA. The monoclonal antibody against carbofuran was covalently immobilized  on the AuNPs with glutathione as a spacer arm. The morphologies of the GS-PEI-Au nanocomposites and the fabrication process of the immunosensor were characterized by  X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor showed a wide linear range, from 0.5 to 500 ng\/mL, with a detection limit of 0.03 ng\/mL (S\/N = 3). The as-constructed immunosensor exhibited notable performance features such as high specificity, good reproducibility, acceptable stability and  regeneration performance. The results are mainly due to the excellent properties of MWCNTs, GS-PEI-Au nanocomposites and the covalent immobilization of Ab with free hapten binding sites for further immunoreaction. It provides a new avenue for amperometric immunosensor fabrication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130405286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]],"date-time":"2013-04-19T11:00:47Z","timestamp":1366369247000},"page":"5286-5301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Amperometric Immunosensor for Carbofuran Detection Based on MWCNTs\/GS-PEI-Au and AuNPs-Antibody Conjugate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, NO.12,  Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, China"}]},{"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, NO.12,  Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, China"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, NO.12,  Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangyou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, NO.12,  Zhangzhou Road, Zibo 255049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.12.058","article-title":"Gas chromato-graphic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantitation of carbofuran, carbaryl and their main metabolites in applicators' urine","volume":"1108","author":"Evagelos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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