{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T07:51:44Z","timestamp":1769759504084,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article explains the development of a prototype of a portable and a very low-cost electronic nose based on an mbed microcontroller. Mbeds are a series of ARM microcontroller development boards designed for fast, flexible and rapid prototyping.  The electronic nose is comprised of an mbed, an LCD display, two small pumps, two electro-valves and a sensor chamber with four TGS Figaro gas sensors. The performance of the electronic nose has been tested by measuring the ethanol content of wine synthetic matrices and special attention has been paid to the reproducibility and repeatability of the measurements taken on different days. Results show that the electronic nose with a neural network classifier is able to discriminate wine samples with 10, 12 and 14% V\/V alcohol content with a classification error of less than 1%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130505528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T10:35:11Z","timestamp":1366886111000},"page":"5528-5541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["A Compact and Low Cost Electronic Nose for Aroma Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Mac\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Merida, University of Extremadura, Sta. Teresa de Jornet, 38, M\u00e9rida 06800, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Agudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Merida, University of Extremadura, Sta. Teresa de Jornet, 38, M\u00e9rida 06800, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Manso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of Extremadura, C\u00e1ceres 10003, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, University   of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s\/n, Badajoz 06006, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horacio","family":"Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of Extremadura, C\u00e1ceres 10003, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic School, University of Extremadura, C\u00e1ceres 10003, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7122","DOI":"10.3390\/s100807122","article-title":"Automated Signal Processing Applied to Volatile-Based Inspection of Greenhouse Crops","volume":"10","author":"Jansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.02.024","article-title":"An Electronic Nose Based on Solid State Sensor Arrays for Low-Cost Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Applications","volume":"101","author":"Zampolli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7843","DOI":"10.3390\/s100807843","article-title":"Characteristics of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (Vocs) Measured in Shanghai, China","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.02.009","article-title":"A 21st Century Technique for Food Control: Electronic Noses","volume":"638","author":"Peris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.05.008","article-title":"Evaluation of Peach Quality Indices Using an Electronic Nose by MLR, QPST and BP Network","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.015","article-title":"Sniffing out Cancer Using the JPL Electronic Nose: A Pilot Study of a Novel Approach to Detection and Differentiation of Brain Cancer","volume":"47","author":"Kateb","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9179","DOI":"10.3390\/s101009179","article-title":"Development of a Portable Electronic Nose System for the Detection and Classification of Fruity Odors","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068121q","article-title":"Electronic Nose: Current Status and Future Trends","volume":"108","author":"Barsan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Rapid Prototyping for Microcontrollers. mbed. Available online: http:\/\/mbed.org\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Burgess, P. Review: mbed NXP LPC1768 microcontroller. Available online: http:\/\/hackaday.com\/2009\/11\/21\/review-mbed-nxp-lpc1768-microcontroller\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mellis, D.A., Banzi, M., Cuartielles, D., and Igoe, T. (May, January 28). Arduino: An Open Electronic Prototyping Platform. San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/MPOT.2010.938614","article-title":"Embedded Systems Programming in the Cloud: A Novel Approach for Academia","volume":"30","author":"Bungo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Potent."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bin Abdullah, N., Yaacob, S. S., Handaga, B., and Yaacob, Y. (2012, January 12\u201314). Automation of Residential Electricity Cut off Using Network Based Embedded Controller. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aydemir, M.E., Vivas, E.V., Celebi, M., Bustinza, F.C., Ay, S., and Phan, D. (2011, January 9\u201311). Design and Implementation of a Rover-Back CANSAT. Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAST.2011.5966952"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Putra, B. P., Mutijarsa, K., and Adiprawita, W. (2011, January 17\u201319). Design and Implementation of Software Architecture Behavioral-Based Robot Control System Using Active Object Computing Model. Bandung, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardozo, G.S.S., and Vera, L.M.S. (2012, January 2\u20134). Prototype for a Self-Balanced Personal Transporter. Bogota, Colombia.","DOI":"10.1109\/WEA.2012.6220101"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(99)00460-8","article-title":"Portable Electronic Nose System with Gas Sensor Array and Artificial Neural Network","volume":"66","author":"Hong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2007.10.066","article-title":"Evaluation of Unpleasant Odor with a Portable Electronic Nose","volume":"28","author":"Fuchs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2009.07.247","article-title":"Portable e-Mucosa System: Mimicking the Biological Olfactory","volume":"1","author":"Covington","year":"2009","journal-title":"Procedia Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2007.10.056","article-title":"Application of a Portable Electronic Nose System to Assess the Freshness of Moroccan Sardines","volume":"28","author":"Llobet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)01059-0","article-title":"A Real-Time Data Acquisition System for a Hand-Held Electronic Nose (H2EN)","volume":"83","author":"Chueh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60184a010","article-title":"Determination of Dissolved gases in Aquous Solutions by Gas Chromatography","volume":"34","author":"Swinnerton","year":"1962","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Jolliffe, I.T. (2002). Principal Component Analysis, Springer-Verlag. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2008). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Devijver, P.A., and Kittler, J. (1982). Pattern Recognition: A Statistical Approach, Prentice-Hall."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/5\/5528\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:46:22Z","timestamp":1760219182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/5\/5528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s130505528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130505528","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]}}}