{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:34:06Z","timestamp":1776465246308,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One objective of precision agriculture is to provide accurate information about soil and crop properties to optimize the management of agricultural inputs to meet  site-specific needs. This paper describes the development of a sensor equipped with  RTK-GPS technology that continuously and efficiently measures soil cutting resistance at various depths while traversing the field. Laboratory and preliminary field tests verified the accuracy of this prototype soil strength sensor. The data obtained using a hand-operated soil cone penetrometer was used to evaluate this field soil compaction depth profile sensor. To date, this sensor has only been tested in one field under one gravimetric water content condition. This field test revealed that the relationships between the soil strength profile sensor (SSPS) cutting force and soil cone index values are assumed to be quadratic for the various depths considered: 0\u201310, 10\u201320 and 20\u201330 cm (r2 = 0.58, 0.45 and 0.54, respectively). Soil resistance contour maps illustrated its practical value. The developed sensor provides accurate, timely and affordable information on soil properties to optimize resources and improve agricultural economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130505945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T14:17:28Z","timestamp":1368195448000},"page":"5945-5957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Design of a Soil Cutting Resistance Sensor for Application in Site-Specific Tillage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Ag\u00fcera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Engineering Department, University of C\u00f3rdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Leonardo da Vinci, Ctra. Nacional IV- km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Carballido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Engineering Department, University of C\u00f3rdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Leonardo da Vinci, Ctra. Nacional IV- km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Engineering Department, University of C\u00f3rdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Leonardo da Vinci, Ctra. Nacional IV- km 396, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Gliever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Perez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Engineering and Fluids Mechanics Department, University of Seville,  Ctra. Sevilla-Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-521X(96)00083-2","article-title":"Comparison of simulated crop yield patterns for site-specific management","volume":"54","author":"Verhagen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver, M. (2010). Geostatistical Applications for Precision Agriculture, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9133-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olier, M. (2010). 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