{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T02:45:10Z","timestamp":1769741110997,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]],"date-time":"2013-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) coated with a graphene\/polymer  film was fabricated for rapid determination of phenols in aqueous solutions. The electrochemical behavior of different phenols at the graphene\/polymer-coated GCE was also investigated. In PBS buffer solution with a pH of 6.5, hydroquinone exhibits  a well-defined reduction peak at the modified GCE. Based on this, an electrochemical method for the direct determination of phenols is proposed. Investigating different parameters revealed the optimized detection conditions for the electrode are a  scan rate of 50 mV\/s, dosage of graphene-polyaniline of 8 \u03bcL, dosage of tyrosinase  of 3 \u03bcL, and pH of 6.5. Under the optimal conditions, the reduction peak current  varies linearly with the concentration of phenols, with a linear regression equation of  I (10\u22126A) = \u22124.887 \u00d7 10\u22124C (mol\/L)\u22125.331 \u00d7 10\u22126 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9963 and limit of detection (S\/N = 3) of 2.00 \u00d7 10\u22124 mol\/L. The electrochemical sensor is also used to detect phenols in actual samples, where it shows great promise for rapid, simple and quantitative detection of phenols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130506204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]],"date-time":"2013-05-13T12:17:01Z","timestamp":1368447421000},"page":"6204-6216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["A Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Rapid Determination of Phenols in Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China"}]},{"given":"Zai-Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China"}]},{"given":"Yong-Mei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200904622","article-title":"Voltammetric determination of 4-nitrophenol using a novel type of silver amalgam paste Electrode","volume":"21","author":"Niaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)02056-3","article-title":"Determination of major phenolic compounds in water by reversed-phase liquid chromatography after pre-column derivatization with benzoyl chloride","volume":"988","author":"Asan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200900120","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene and phenylenediamine positional isomers using capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection","volume":"32","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(00)00420-3","article-title":"Biosensor based on paraffin\/graphite modified with sweet potato tissue for the determination of hydroquinone in cosmetic cream in organic phase","volume":"52","author":"Vieira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200804403","article-title":"Simultaneous voltammetry determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers by nanogold modified electrode","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2010.11.033","article-title":"Direct electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide on glassy carbon electrode and its electrochemical application","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.07.044","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol at PASA\/MWNTs composite film modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"74","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloid. Surface. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2908","article-title":"Transparent carbon films as electrodes in organic solar cells","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1021\/nl800957b","article-title":"Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable Lithium ion batteries","volume":"8","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2009.11.005","article-title":"Graphene supported electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation","volume":"12","author":"Bong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.07.030","article-title":"High-sensitivity determination of lead and cadmium based on the Nafion-graphene composite film","volume":"649","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9101724","article-title":"Preparation of gold nanoparticle\/graphene composites with controlled weight contents and their application in biosensors","volume":"114","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2009.02.013","article-title":"Application of graphene-modified electrode for selective detection of dopamine","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200900571","article-title":"Graphene based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: A review","volume":"22","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1039\/b923596e","article-title":"Graphene-based materials in electrochemistry","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-011-0628-x","article-title":"Electrochemical oxidation of p-nitrophenol using graphene modified electrodes, and a comparison to the performance of MWNT-based electrodes","volume":"174","author":"Arvinte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-011-0580-9","article-title":"Electrochemical sensor for monitoring the photodegradation of catechol based on DNA modified graphene oxide","volume":"173","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-010-0304-6","article-title":"A novel hydrazine electrochemical sensor based on the high specific surface area graphene","volume":"169","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2007.02.034","article-title":"Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide","volume":"45","author":"Stankovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1021\/nn900227d","article-title":"A green approach to the synthesis of graphene nanosheets","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14071","DOI":"10.1021\/jp906348x","article-title":"Direct electrochemical reduction of single-layer grapheme oxide and subsequent functionalization with glucose oxidase","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01539a017","article-title":"Preparation of graphitic oxide","volume":"80","author":"Hummers","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.451","article-title":"Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.11.076","article-title":"A graphene oxide-based electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of 4-nitrophenol","volume":"201-202","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2004.10.007","article-title":"Development of a Tyrosinase Biosensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes: Application to the Measurement of a Bioelectrochemical Polyphenols Index in Wines","volume":"528","author":"Sanz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-011-0709-x","article-title":"A graphene-based electrochemical sensor for sensitive and selective determination of hydroquinone","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"782","article-title":"Determination of \u03b1-naphthol, \u03b2-naphthol, p-nitrophenol and m-nitrophenol in human urine by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Spectroscopy Lab."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/5\/6204\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:46:41Z","timestamp":1760219201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/5\/6204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s130506204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130506204","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]]}}}