{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T16:28:47Z","timestamp":1776356927783,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]],"date-time":"2013-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When it comes to measuring blade-tip clearance or blade-tip timing in turbines, reflective intensity-modulated optical fiber sensors overcome several traditional limitations of capacitive, inductive or discharging probe sensors. This paper presents the signals and results corresponding to the third stage of a multistage turbine rig, obtained from a transonic wind-tunnel test. The probe is based on a trifurcated bundle of optical fibers that is mounted on the turbine casing. To eliminate the influence of light source intensity variations and blade surface reflectivity, the sensing principle is based on the quotient of the voltages obtained from the two receiving bundle legs. A discrepancy lower than 3% with respect to a commercial sensor was observed in tip clearance measurements. Regarding tip timing measurements, the travel wave spectrum was obtained, which provides the average vibration amplitude for all blades at a particular nodal diameter. With this approach, both blade-tip timing and tip clearance measurements can be carried out simultaneously. The results obtained on the test turbine rig demonstrate the suitability and reliability of the type of sensor used, and suggest the possibility of performing these measurements in real turbines under real working conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130607385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]],"date-time":"2013-06-05T12:40:57Z","timestamp":1370436057000},"page":"7385-7398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["An Optical Fiber Bundle Sensor for Tip Clearance and  Tip Timing Measurements in a Turbine Rig"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Iker","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Alda. Urquijo s\/n Bilbao 48013, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josu","family":"Beloki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTA, Centro de Tecnolog\u00edas Aeron\u00e1uticas, Parque tecnol\u00f3gico de Bizkaia, Edif. 303,  Zamudio 48170, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9137-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseba","family":"Zubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Alda. Urquijo s\/n Bilbao 48013, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gotzon","family":"Aldabaldetreku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Alda. Urquijo s\/n Bilbao 48013, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Illarramendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics I, University of the Basque Country, Alda. Urquijo s\/n Bilbao 48013, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of the Basque Country, Alda. Urquijo s\/n  Bilbao 48013, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, D.C., Duan, F.J., Guo, H.T., Li, Y., and Wang, K. (2012). Turbine blade tip clearance measurement using a skewed dual-beam fiber optic sensor. Opt. 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