{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:32:04Z","timestamp":1760243524668,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]],"date-time":"2013-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Network simulators are useful for researching protocol performance, appraising new hardware capabilities and evaluating real application scenarios. However, these tasks can only be achieved when using accurate models and real parameters that enable the extraction of trustworthy results and conclusions. This paper presents an underwater wireless sensor network ecosystem for the ns-3 simulator. This ecosystem is composed of a new energy-harvesting model and a low-cost, low-power underwater wake-up modem model that, alongside existing models, enables the performance of accurate simulations by providing real weather and marine conditions from the location where the real application is to be deployed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130607454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]],"date-time":"2013-06-10T03:32:11Z","timestamp":1370835131000},"page":"7454-7471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Proposal for Modeling Real Hardware, Weather and Marine Conditions for Underwater Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Salvador","family":"Climent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, 46022, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Capella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, 46022, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Blanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, 46022, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Perles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, 46022, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, 46022, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Aqua-Sim. Available online: http:\/\/obinet.engr.uconn.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NS-Miracle. Available online: http:\/\/telecom.dei.unipd.it\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merrett, G.V., White, N.M., Harris, N.R., and Al-Hashimi, B.M. (2009, January 22\u201326). Energy-Aware Simulation for Wireless Sensor Networks. Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2009.5168932"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, V., Mukherji, U., and Joseph, V. (2008, January 24\u201326). Efficient Energy Management Policies for Networks with Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes. Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ALLERTON.2008.4797582"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2007.4300988","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting technologies: A game-theoretic approach to optimal energy management","volume":"14","author":"Niyato","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, A., Climent, S., Blanc, S., Capella, J.V., and Piqueras, I. (November, January 31). WSN with Energy-Harvesting: Modeling and Simulation based on a Practical Architecture using Real Radiation Levels. Miami Beach, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"PANGAEA Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science. Available online: http:\/\/www.pangaea.de\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6837","DOI":"10.3390\/s120606837","article-title":"An ultra-low power and flexible physical modem design to develop energy-efficient underwater sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Climent, S., Sanchez, A., Capella, J.V., Blanc, S., and Serrano, J.J. (2012, January 1\u20134). Modelling and Simulation of Underwater Low-Power Wake-Up Systems. Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32778-0_7"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"AS3933-3D Low Frequency Wakeup Receiver. Available online: http:\/\/www.austriamicro\/protectsystems.com."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Ocean Simulation System. Available online: http:\/\/telecom.dei.unipd.it\/ns\/woss\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Climent, S., Sanchez, A., Capella, J.V., and Serrano, J.J. (2012, January 16\u201319). Study of MAC Protocols for a Real Underwater Sensor Network Applications. Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2398936.2398979"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Karn, P. (1990, January 22). MACA-a New Channel Access Method for Packet Radio. London, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fullmer, C., and Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. (1995). Floor Acquisition Multiple Access (FAMA) for Packet-Radio Networks, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/217382.217458"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed, A., Ye, W., and Heidemann, J. (2008, January 15\u201317). T-Lohi: A New Class of MAC Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2008.55"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra, F. (2009, January 3). World Ocean Simulation System (WOSS): A Simulation Tool for Underwater Networks with Realistic Propagation Modeling. Berkeley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1654130.1654134"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Network Simulator 3 (ns-3). Available online: http:\/\/www.nsnam.org."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/6\/7454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:47:16Z","timestamp":1760219236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/6\/7454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s130607454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130607454","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]]}}}