{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:04:33Z","timestamp":1787029473420,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]],"date-time":"2013-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report on photo-detectors consisting of an optical waveguide that incorporates a resonant tunneling diode (RTD). Operating at wavelengths around 1.55 \u03bcm in the optical communications C band we achieve maximum sensitivities of around 0.29 A\/W which is dependent on the bias voltage. This is due to the nature of RTD nonlinear current-voltage characteristic that has a negative differential resistance (NDR) region. The resonant tunneling diode photo-detector (RTD-PD) can be operated in either non-oscillating or oscillating regimes depending on the bias voltage quiescent point. The oscillating regime is apparent when the RTD-PD is biased in the NDR region giving rise to electrical gain and microwave self-sustained oscillations Taking advantage of the RTD\u2019s NDR distinctive characteristics, we demonstrate efficient detection of gigahertz (GHz) modulated optical carriers and optical control of a RTD GHz oscillator. RTD-PD based devices can have applications in generation and optical control of GHz low-phase noise oscillators, clock recovery systems, and fiber optic enabled radio frequency communication systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130709464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]],"date-time":"2013-07-23T13:28:05Z","timestamp":1374586085000},"page":"9464-9482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Photo-Detectors Integrated with Resonant Tunneling Diodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Romeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Electr\u00f3nica, Optoelectr\u00f3nica e Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (CEOT), Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Ironside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Electr\u00f3nica, Optoelectr\u00f3nica e Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (CEOT), Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sackinger, E. 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