{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:47:00Z","timestamp":1762955220871,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]],"date-time":"2013-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Palpation techniques are widely used in medical procedures to detect the presence of lumps or tumors in the soft breast tissues. Since these procedures are very subjective and depend on the skills of the physician, it is imperative to perform detailed a scientific study in order to develop more efficient medical sensors to measure and  generate palpation parameters. In this research, we propose an optical-based, artificial  palpation sensor for lesion characterization. This has been developed using a multilayer polydimethylsiloxane optical waveguide. Light was generated at the critical angle to reflect totally within the flexible and transparent waveguide. When a waveguide was compressed by an external force, its contact area would deform and cause the light to scatter. The scattered light was captured by a high-resolution camera and saved as an image format.  To test the performance of the proposed system, we used a realistic tissue phantom with embedded hard inclusions. The experimental results show that the proposed sensor  can detect inclusions and provide the relative value of size, depth, and Young\u2019s modulus of an inclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130811097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]],"date-time":"2013-08-21T12:49:13Z","timestamp":1377089353000},"page":"11097-11113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optical-Based Artificial Palpation Sensors for  Lesion Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jong-Ha","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095,  Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 704-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, 1095,  Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 704-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jeonghun","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095,  Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 704-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Hee-Jun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095,  Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 704-701, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.203.2.9114085","article-title":"Screening mammography: Sensitivity and specificity in relation to hormone replacement therapy","volume":"203","author":"Thurfjell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/51.844378","article-title":"Functional infrared imaging of the breast","volume":"19","author":"Keyserlingk","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. 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