{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T23:38:04Z","timestamp":1776209884077,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently there are a few fields of application using quartz crystal microbalances (QCM). Because of environmental conditions and insufficient resolution of the microbalance, chemical sensing of volatile organic compounds in an open system was as yet not possible. In this study we present strategies on how to use 195 MHz fundamental quartz resonators for a mobile sensor platform to detect airborne analytes. Commonly the use of devices with a resonant frequency of about 10 MHz is standard. By increasing the frequency to 195 MHz the frequency shift increases by a factor of almost 400. Unfortunately, such kinds of quartz crystals tend to exhibit some challenges to obtain a reasonable  signal-to-noise ratio. It was possible to reduce the noise in frequency in a continuous air flow of 7.5 m\/s to 0.4 Hz [i.e., \u03c3(\u03c4) = 2 \u00d7 10\u22129] by elucidating the major source of noise. The air flow in the vicinity of the quartz was analyzed to reduce turbulences. Furthermore, we found a dependency between the acceleration sensitivity and mechanical stress induced by an internal thermal gradient. By reducing this gradient, we achieved reduction of the sensitivity to acceleration by more than one decade. Hence, the resulting sensor is more robust to environmental conditions such as temperature, acceleration and air flow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130912012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T12:02:47Z","timestamp":1378728167000},"page":"12012-12029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Practical Strategies for Stable Operation of HFF-QCM in Continuous Air Flow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Wessels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemische Institute, Abteilung Elektronik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universit\u00e4t Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, Bonn D-55121, Germany"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Kl\u00f6ckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemische Institute, Abteilung Elektronik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universit\u00e4t Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, Bonn D-55121, Germany"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Siering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14,  Mainz D-55128, Germany"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Waldvogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14,  Mainz D-55128, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01337937","article-title":"Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur W\u00e4gung D\u00fcnner Schichten und zur Mikrow\u00e4gung","volume":"155","author":"Sauerbrey","year":"1959","journal-title":"Z. Physik"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(01)00220-2","article-title":"Ultrasensitive quartz crystal microbalance sensors for detection of m13-phages in liquids","volume":"16","author":"Uttenthaler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1660931","article-title":"Investigation of film\u2014Thickness determination by oscillating quartz resonators with large mass load","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/5346_027","article-title":"Imprinted polymers in chemical recognition for mass-sensitive devices","volume":"5","author":"Dickert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Springer Ser. Chem. Sens. Biosens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.2209","article-title":"A survey of the 2010 quartz crystal microbalance literature","volume":"25","author":"Speight","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recogn."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60215a012","article-title":"Piezoelectric sorption detector","volume":"36","author":"King","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2004.839894","article-title":"Higher order sensing using qcm sensor array and preconcentrator with variable temperature","volume":"5","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(03)00239-9","article-title":"Development of a preconcentration unit for a saw sensor micro array and its use for indoor air quality monitoring","volume":"93","author":"Bender","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Potkay, J.A., Driscoll, J.A., Agah, M., Sacks, R.D., and Wise, K.D. (2003, January 19\u201323). A high-performance microfabricated gas chromatography column. Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201100080","article-title":"Scaffold-optimized dendrimers for the detection of the triacetone triperoxide explosive using quartz crystal microbalances","volume":"77","author":"Lubczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chempluschem"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201202786","article-title":"Porous organic cage compounds as highly potent affinity materials for sensing by quartz crystal microbalances","volume":"24","author":"Brutschy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Vig, J.R., and Walls, F.L. (2000, January 7\u20139). A Review of Sensor Sensitivity and Stability. Kansas City, MO, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.04.047","article-title":"Bulk acoustic wave resonator operating at 8 GHz for gravimetric sensing of organic films","volume":"114","author":"Lanz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1960.tb03957.x","article-title":"Design and performance of ultraprecise 2.5-MC quartz crystal units","volume":"39","author":"Warner","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.08.066","article-title":"Gas sensors based on gravimetric detection\u2014A review","volume":"160","author":"Fanget","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sullivan, D.B., Allan, D.W., Howe, D.A., and Walls, F.L. (1990). Characterization of Clocks and Oscillators, National Institute of Standards and Technology. US Department of Commerce."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(85)85005-2","article-title":"Experimental aspects of use of the quartz crystal microbalance in solution","volume":"30","author":"Bruckenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00083a012","article-title":"Dual quartz-crystal microbalance oscillator circuit\u2014Minimizing effects due to liquid viscosity, density, and temperature","volume":"66","author":"Bruckenstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Shankar, I., Morris, S.A., and Hutchens, C.G. (2002, January 19\u201321). A Novel Frequency Measurement Technique for Quartz Microbalance Systems and Other Resonator-Based Sensor Systems. Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1116\/1.573275","article-title":"Frequency-dependence of a quartz oscillator on gas-pressure","volume":"3","author":"Kokubun","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer, V. (2011). Praxishandbuch Simulationen in Solidworks 2011: Strukturanalyse (fem), Kinematik\/Kinetik, Str\u00f6mungssimulation (cfd), Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & CO. KG.","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446424791"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1109\/58.139120","article-title":"Environmental sensitivities of quartz oscillators","volume":"39","author":"Walls","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1109\/58.20450","article-title":"The acceleration sensitivity of quartz crystal oscillators: A review","volume":"35","author":"Filler","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"58","article-title":"Size up acceleration sensitivity on XOs","volume":"43","author":"Fry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microwaves & RF"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Oechtering, P. (2002). Untersuchungen zur Modellierung und Optimierung von Oberfl\u00e4chenwellen-Bauelementen und Auswerteschaltungen f\u00fcr die Gassensorik, RWTH Aachen."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1109\/58.238106","article-title":"Designing for low acceleration sensitivity","volume":"40","author":"Kosinski","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1063\/1.348594","article-title":"On the normal acceleration sensitivity of contoured quartz resonators with the mode shape displaced with respect to rectangular supports","volume":"69","author":"Zhou","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fry, S.J., and Burnett, G.A. (2010, January 1\u20134). Reducing the acceleration sensitivity of at-strip quartz crystal oscillators. Newport Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FREQ.2010.5556379"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/9\/12012\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:10Z","timestamp":1760219350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/9\/12012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s130912012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130912012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]]}}}