{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:47:28Z","timestamp":1773812848970,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]],"date-time":"2013-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a technology that is becoming very popular for many applications, and environmental monitoring is one of its most important application areas. This technology solves the lack of flexibility of wired sensor installations and, at the same time, reduces the deployment costs. To demonstrate the advantages of WSN technology, for the last five years we have been deploying some prototypes in the Do\u00f1ana Biological Reserve, which is an important protected area in Southern Spain. These prototypes not only evaluate the technology, but also solve some of the monitoring problems that have been raised by biologists working in Do\u00f1ana. This paper presents a review of the work that has been developed during these five years. Here, we demonstrate the enormous potential of using machine learning in wireless sensor networks for environmental and animal monitoring because this approach increases the amount of useful information and reduces the effort that is required by biologists in an environmental monitoring task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130912044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]],"date-time":"2013-09-11T03:51:10Z","timestamp":1378871470000},"page":"12044-12069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Five Years of Designing Wireless Sensor Networks in the Do\u00f1ana Biological Reserve (Spain): An Applications Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4309-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Larios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9132-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Barbancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1392-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sevillano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Arquitectura de Computadores, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41012, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Gasull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Mora-Merchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0043-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.814918","article-title":"Sensor Networks: Evolution, Opportunities, and Challenges","volume":"91","author":"Chong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1024422","article-title":"A Survey on Sensor Networks","volume":"40","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604728","article-title":"A review of wireless sensor technologies and applications in agriculture and food industry: State of the art and current trends","volume":"9","author":"Lunadei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"42","article-title":"Life of birds [wireless sensor network for bird study]","volume":"41","author":"Kumagai","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2009.0074","article-title":"Adaptive density control in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks with and without power management","volume":"4","author":"Machado","year":"2010","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, N., Melicio, R., Matias, J., and Catalao, J. (2012, January 25\u201328). ZigBee Standard in the Creation of Wireless Networks for Advanced Metering Infrastructures. Yasmine Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/MELCON.2012.6196418"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.062612.00084","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey","volume":"15","author":"Pantazis","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"450","article-title":"Design challenges and comparative analysis of cluster based routing protocols used in wireless sensor networks for improving network life time","volume":"4","author":"Haneef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Inf. Sci. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"178","article-title":"A novel power intensity routing in wsn","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Content Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"207","article-title":"An improved clustering algorithm based on backup path","volume":"4","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Inf. Sci. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"166","article-title":"Security threats and security policy in wireless sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Inf. Sci. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"261","article-title":"A distributed dynamic pairwise key establishment scheme for wireless sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"Fenhua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"44","article-title":"A domain-based secure communication scheme with fault-tolerant capacity","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Inf. Sci. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-007-9061-1","article-title":"New Qos Routing Algorithm Based on Self-Organizing Maps for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"36","author":"Barbancho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2011.0809","article-title":"Energy efficient wireless sensor network communications based on computational intelligent data fusion for environmental monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Larios","year":"2012","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2011.11.003","article-title":"LIS: Localization based on an intelligent distributed fuzzy system applied to a WSN","volume":"10","author":"Larios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Deng, B., Wuhan, C., Huang, G., Zhang, L., and Liu, H. (2008, January 17\u201319). Improved Centroid Localization Algorithm in WSNs. Xiamen, China."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35755-8_4","article-title":"A Wildfire prediction based on fuzzy inference system for wireless sensor networks","volume":"314","author":"Gasull","year":"2012","journal-title":"e-Bus. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gasull, V.G., Larios, D.F., Barbancho, J., Leon, C., and Obaidat, M.S. (2011, January 18\u201321). Computational Intelligence Applied to Wildfire Prediction using Wireless Sensor Network. Seville, Spain."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinsch, F.A., and Andrews, P.L. (2010). BehavePlus Fire Modeling System, Version 5.0: Design and Features, USDA Forest Service.","DOI":"10.2737\/RMRS-GTR-249"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Seeger, I. (1974). Birds of Prey in Europe, Publisher. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Garzon, J. (1975, January 1\u20133). Birds of Prey in Spain, the Present Situation. Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Biber, J.P. (1990). Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lesser Kestrel Falco Naumanni Populations, ICBP Secretariat; Publisher. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, J., and Merino, M. (1990). El Cernicalo Primilla (Falco Naumanni) En La Peninsula Iberica: Situacion, Problematica Y Aspectos Biologicos (Spanish Edition), ICONA. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Peet, N., and Gallo-Orsi, U. (2000). Action Plan for the Lesser Kestrel, Council of Europe and BirdLife International, Publisher. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Newton, I. (1992). Lifetime Reproduction in Birds, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"249","article-title":"Parent-offspring conflict","volume":"14","author":"Trivers","year":"1974","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2010.00641.x","article-title":"Mother\u2013child conflict and sibling relatedness: A test of hypotheses from parent-offspring conflict theory","volume":"20","author":"Schlomer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/246015a0","article-title":"The logic of animal conflict","volume":"246","author":"Smith","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2007.00090.x","article-title":"What determines sex roles in mate searching?","volume":"61","author":"Kokko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.3390\/s130302862","article-title":"An automatic weighting system for wild animals based in an artificial neural network: How to weigh wild animals without causing stress","volume":"13","author":"Larios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[1473:MLRMOB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mass\/Length residuals: Measures of body condition or generators of spurious results?","volume":"82","author":"Green","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377059","article-title":"Interaction of bodymass, fat, foraging and stopover period in trans-sahara migrating passerine birds","volume":"69","author":"Biebach","year":"1986","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80537-8","article-title":"Female house finches prefer colourful males: Sexual selection for a condition-dependent trait","volume":"40","author":"Hill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459108418743","article-title":"Plasma urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations in relation to feeding in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus)","volume":"20","author":"Lumeij","year":"1991","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Larios, D.F., Rodriguez, C., Barbancho, J., Baena, M., Simon, F., Marin, J., Leon, C., and Bustamante, J. (2012, January 24\u201327). Computational Intelligence Applied to Monitor Bird Behaviour. Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.09.001","article-title":"Ecosystem functioning of protected and altered Mediterranean environments: A remote sensing classification in Do\u00f1ana, Spain","volume":"114","author":"Fernandez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.09.001","article-title":"Energy efficient and perceived QoS aware video routing over wireless multimedia sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Kandris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.5741163","article-title":"Connecting low-power and lossy networks to the internet","volume":"49","author":"Ko","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2010.5675776","article-title":"SNAIL: An IP-based wireless sensor network approach to the internet of things","volume":"17","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"46","article-title":"Restful architecture of wireless sensor network for building management system","volume":"6","author":"Dinh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Internet Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35395-6_34","article-title":"Yoapy: A data aggregation and pre-processing module for enabling continuous healthcare monitoring in the internet of things","volume":"7657","author":"Jara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lect. Note Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Ha, M., Kim, S.-H., Kim, H., Kwon, K., Giang, N., and Kim, D. (2012, January 14\u201317). SNAIL Gateway: Dual-Mode Wireless Access Points for WiFi and IP-Based Wireless Sensor Networks in the Internet of Things. Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2010.5675778","article-title":"Embedded web services","volume":"17","author":"Shelby","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajasekaran, P., Janardhan, R., and Chander, R. (2013, January 17\u201319). A Smarter Toll Gate Based on Web of Things. Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CONECCT.2013.6469318"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"763","article-title":"Addressing scheme for internet of things based on IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network (6loWPAN)","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.4304\/jcm.7.8.634-642","article-title":"Trust-based mutual authentication for bootstrapping in 6lowpan","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.2850","article-title":"Denial of service mitigation approach for IPv6-enabled smart object networks","volume":"25","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"616","article-title":"Research on route protocol and architecture for wsn based on IPv6","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellani, A.P., Rossi, M., and Zorzi, M. (2013). Back pressure congestion control for CoAP\/6LoWPAN networks. Ad Hoc Netw.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.02.007"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2012.29","article-title":"CoAP: An application protocol for billions of tiny internet nodes","volume":"16","author":"Bormann","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2006.872624","article-title":"Parametric Representations of Bird Sounds for Automatic Species Recognition","volume":"14","author":"Somervuo","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/9\/12044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:12Z","timestamp":1760219352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/9\/12044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s130912044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130912044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]}}}