{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:33:02Z","timestamp":1773297182695,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]],"date-time":"2013-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shape memory alloy (SMA) has great potential to develop light and compact artificial muscle (AM) due to its muscle-like high power-to-weight ratio, flexibility and silent operation properties. In this paper, SMA self-sensing properties are explored and modeled in depth to imitate the integrated muscle-like functions of actuating and self-sensing for SMA-AM based on the investigation of SMA electrical resistivity (ER). Firstly, an ER transformation kinetics model is proposed based on the simulation of SMA differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves. Then a series of thermal-electrical-mechanical experiments are carried out to verify the validity of the ER model, whereby the SMA-AM  self-sensing function is well established under different stress conditions. Finally the  self-sensing capability is further demonstrated by its application to a novel SMA-AM-actuated active ankle-foot orthosis (AAFO).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s131012958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]],"date-time":"2013-09-26T12:48:59Z","timestamp":1380199739000},"page":"12958-12974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Electrical Resistivity-Based Study of Self-Sensing Properties for Shape Memory Alloy-Actuated Artificial Muscle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jian-Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanism System and Vibration, Institute of Robotics,  Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Yue-Hong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanism System and Vibration, Institute of Robotics,  Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Jian-Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanism System and Vibration, Institute of Robotics,  Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.J., and Zhu, J.Y. 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