{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:13:33Z","timestamp":1782796413852,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]],"date-time":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing number of pollutants requires the development of innovative analytical devices that are precise, sensitive, specific, rapid, and easy-to-use to meet the increasing demand for legislative actions on environmental pollution control and early warning. Optical biosensors, as a powerful alternative to conventional analytical techniques, enable the highly sensitive, real-time, and high-frequency monitoring of pollutants without extensive sample preparation. This article reviews important advances in functional biorecognition materials (e.g., enzymes, aptamers, DNAzymes, antibodies and whole cells) that facilitate the increasing application of optical biosensors. This work further examines the significant improvements in optical biosensor instrumentation and their environmental applications. Innovative developments of optical biosensors for environmental pollution control and early warning are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s131013928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]],"date-time":"2013-10-15T12:47:44Z","timestamp":1381841264000},"page":"13928-13948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":309,"title":["Recent Advances in Optical Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring and Early Warning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No.59, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Chemical Defence, No.1, Huanyin Street, Changping District, Beijing 100872, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanchang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University,  No.1, Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.136","article-title":"Current trends in nanobiosensor technology","volume":"3","author":"Bellan","year":"2011","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.12.067","article-title":"Recent advances in biosensor techniques for environmental monitoring","volume":"568","author":"Rogers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"121","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors: Recommended definitions and classification","volume":"16","author":"Thevenot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068105t","article-title":"Optical biosensors","volume":"108","author":"Borisov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.07.033","article-title":"Recent advances in recognition elements of food and environmental biosensors: A review","volume":"26","author":"Dorst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosen. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1021\/ac8016289","article-title":"Perspective on optical biosensors and integrated sensor systems","volume":"81","author":"Ligler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.05.022","article-title":"Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: A review","volume":"620","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1039\/b802920m","article-title":"Nucleic acid biosensors for environmental pollution monitoring","volume":"133","author":"Palchetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1039\/b806830p","article-title":"Recent biosensing developments in environmental security","volume":"10","author":"Wanekaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.09.014","article-title":"Recent advancements in surface plasmon resonance immunosensors for detection of small molecules of biomedical, food and environmental interest","volume":"121","author":"Shankaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinken, T. (2013). State of the Art in Biosensors: Environmental and Medical Applications, InTech. Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.5772\/56353"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13623.x","article-title":"Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery","volume":"102","author":"Clark","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1039\/b822966j","article-title":"Artificial enzyme-based biosensors","volume":"33","author":"Vial","year":"2009","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1039\/c0an00283f","article-title":"Bioactive paper dipstick sensors for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors based on sol-gel\/enzyme\/gold nanoparticle composites","volume":"135","author":"Luckham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2011.633188","article-title":"Review: Recent developments in enzyme-based biosensors for biomedical analysis","volume":"45","author":"Ispas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.08.003","article-title":"Heavy metal determination by biosensors based on enzyme immobilised by electropolymerisation","volume":"20","author":"Malitest","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.10.021","article-title":"Fiber optic monooxygenase biosensor for toluene concentration measurement in aqueous samples","volume":"26","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710802119525","article-title":"A novel fiber optic biosensor for the determination of adrenaline based on immobilized laccase catalysis","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.09.029","article-title":"A highly specific immunoassay for microcystin-LR detection based on a monoclonal antibody","volume":"603","author":"Sheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1266","article-title":"Antibody-Fc receptor interactions illuminated by crystal structures","volume":"4","author":"Woof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/7927","article-title":"Chiral discrimination using an immunosensor","volume":"17","author":"Hofstetter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.05.026","article-title":"Beyond labels: A review of the application of quantum dots as integrated components of assays, bioprobes, and biosensors utilizing optical transduction","volume":"673","author":"Algar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1021\/ac040049d","article-title":"Fiber optic chemical sensors and biosensors","volume":"76","author":"Wolfbeis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.09.013","article-title":"Development of evanescent wave all-fiber immunosensor for environmental water analysis","volume":"23","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200121","article-title":"Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase","volume":"249","author":"Tuerk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/346818a0","article-title":"In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands","volume":"346","author":"Ellington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.01.026","article-title":"Selection of DNA aptamers against polychlorinated biphenyls as potential biorecognition elements for environmental analysis","volume":"423","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202960b","article-title":"Selection and characterization of PCB-binding DNA aptamers","volume":"84","author":"Mehta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-012-0850-6","article-title":"Selection of DNA aptamers that bind to four organophosphorus pesticides","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1089\/oli.2010.0267","article-title":"Development of single-stranded DNA aptamers for specific bisphenol a detection","volume":"21","author":"Jo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oligonuleotides"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.10.004","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of 17\u03b2-estradiol using DNA aptamer immobilized gold electrode chip","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2011.06.043","article-title":"In vitro selection and characterization of DNA aptamers recognizing Chloramphenicol","volume":"155","author":"Mehta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2007.10.073","article-title":"ssDNA aptamers that selectively bind oxytetracycline","volume":"16","author":"Niazi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2008.06.033","article-title":"Single-stranded DNA aptamers specific for antibiotics tetracyclines","volume":"16","author":"Niazi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2011.04.007","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric detection of Kanamycin using a DNA aptamer","volume":"415","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5662-3","article-title":"Aptasensor for ampicillin using gold nanoparticle based dual fluorescence colorimetric methods","volume":"402","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10456","DOI":"10.1021\/jf801957h","article-title":"Determination of Ochratoxin a with a DNA aptamer","volume":"56","author":"Penner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-010-0670-9","article-title":"A novel screening method for competitive FRET-aptamers applied to E. coli assay development","volume":"20","author":"Bruno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033410","article-title":"A single-stranded DNA aptamer that selectively binds to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B","volume":"7","author":"DeGrasse","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2011.05.022","article-title":"Nucleic acids targeted to drugs: SELEX against a quadruplex ligand","volume":"93","author":"Hamon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9335","DOI":"10.1021\/es902407g","article-title":"Arsenic removal from vietnamese groundwater using the arsenic-binding DNA aptamer","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10697","DOI":"10.1021\/es301686k","article-title":"Selection, characterization, and biosensing application of high affinity congener-specific microcystin-targeting aptamers","volume":"46","author":"Ng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.369","article-title":"Reprogramming bacteria to seek and destroy a herbicide","volume":"6","author":"Sinha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.05.072","article-title":"Direct selection of RNA beacon aptamers","volume":"359","author":"Morse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1021\/es203624w","article-title":"Aptamer-based optical biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of 17\u03b2-Estradiol in water samples","volume":"46","author":"Yildirim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C.W., Hsieh, Y.T., Huang, C.C., Lin, Z.H., and Chang, HT. (2008). Detection of mercury(II) based on Hg2+\u2014DNA complexes inducing the aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Chem. Commun., 2242\u20132244.","DOI":"10.1039\/b719856f"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15082","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9051075","article-title":"Potassium-lead-switched G-Quadruplexes: A new class of DNA logic gates","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an35711a","article-title":"Ultrasensitive aptamer biosensor for arsenic(III) detection in aqueous solution based on surfactant-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles","volume":"137","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200800960","article-title":"A highly selective DNAzyme sensor for mercuric ions","volume":"47","author":"Hollenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15352","DOI":"10.1021\/ja905854a","article-title":"A basic site-containing DNAzyme and aptamer for label-free fluorescent detection of Pb2+ and adenosine with high sensitivity, selectivity, and tunable Dynamic range","volume":"131","author":"Xiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902638v","article-title":"Lead(II)-induced allosteric G-quadruplex DNAzyme as a colorimetric and chemiluminescence sensor for highly sensitive and selective Pb2+ detection","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/ac303159b","article-title":"Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors (2008\u20132012)","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1039\/c1em10032g","article-title":"Whole-cell bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of heavy metals and inorganic pollutants in wastewater","volume":"13","author":"Olaniran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.07.056","article-title":"Characterization of microtiterplates with integrated optical sensors for oxygen and pH, and their applications to enzyme activity screening, respirometry, and toxicological assays","volume":"113","author":"Arain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2011.00252.x","article-title":"Whole-cell biosensors for detection of heavy metal ions in environmental samples based on metallothionein promoters from Tetrahymena thermophila","volume":"4","author":"Amaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.01.062","article-title":"Creation of a fiber optic based biosensor for air toxicity monitoring","volume":"155","author":"Eltzov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.08.024","article-title":"Flow-through real time bacterial biosensor for toxic compounds in water","volume":"142","author":"Eltzov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062711","article-title":"Nanowire nanosensors for highly-sensitive selective and integrated detection of biological and chemical species","volume":"293","author":"Cui","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2010.06.012","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based environmental sensors","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat961","article-title":"Self-assembled nanoscale biosensors based on quantum dot FRET donors","volume":"2","author":"Medintz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Mat."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1021\/nl048073u","article-title":"Quartz crystal microbalance detection of glutathione protected nanoclusters using antibody recognition","volume":"5","author":"Bentzen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1021\/ac7018365","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis to detect pathogens in. bacterial cell mixtures using semiconductor quantum dots","volume":"80","author":"Hahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-007-0158-4","article-title":"Fluorescence assay based on aptamer-quantum dot binding to Bacillus thuringiensis spores","volume":"17","author":"Ikanovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2010.11.013","article-title":"Biocompatible quantum dots for biological applications","volume":"18","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1021\/ac3000495","article-title":"Quantum-dot\/carrier-protein\/haptens conjugate as a detection nanobioprobe for FRET-based immunoassay of small analytes with all-fiber microfluidic biosensing platform","volume":"84","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2001178","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing","volume":"112","author":"Saha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9606","DOI":"10.1021\/ac1021503","article-title":"Highly sensitive, colorimetric detection of mercury(II) in aqueous media by quaternary ammonium group-capped gold nanoparticles at room temperature","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.07.074","article-title":"A functionalized gold nanoparticles and Rhodamine 6G based fluorescent sensor for high sensitive and selective detection of mercury(II) in environmental water samples","volume":"599","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1021\/ac900188y","article-title":"Label-free colorimetric detection of aqueous mercury ion (Hg2+) using Hg2+-modulated G-quadruplex-based DNAzymes","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7818","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200902395","article-title":"Multiplexed analysis of Hg2+ and Ag+ ions by nucleic acid functionalized CdSe\/ZnS quantum dots and their use for logic gate operations","volume":"48","author":"Freeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8038","DOI":"10.1021\/ja801412b","article-title":"Selective detection of mercury(II) ion using nonlinear optical properties of gold nanoparticles","volume":"130","author":"Darbha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1039\/b822744f","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Pb2+ detection based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between quantum dots and gold nanoparticles","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1021\/es302967n","article-title":"Highly sensitive strategy for Hg2+ detection in environmental water samples using long lifetime fluorescence quantum dots and gold nanoparticles","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7752","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200901678","article-title":"Graphene: The new two-dimensional nanomaterial","volume":"48","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15270J","article-title":"Biological and chemical sensors based on graphene materials","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1039\/b924832c","article-title":"A graphene-based fluorescent nanoprobe for silver(I) ions detection by using graphene oxide and a silver-specific oligonucleotide","volume":"46","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1021\/nn300684d","article-title":"Graphene-based chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer for homogeneous immunoassay","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12567","DOI":"10.1021\/es3028583","article-title":"Colloidal graphene as a transducer in homogeneous fluorescence-based immunosensor for rapid and sensitive analysis of microcystin-LR","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201001428","article-title":"A graphene oxide based immuno-biosensor for pathogen detection","volume":"49","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1109\/T-ED.1985.22096","article-title":"Remote fiber-optic biosensors based on evanescent-excited fluoro-immunoassay: Concept and progress","volume":"32","author":"Andrade","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1117\/1.601146","article-title":"Portable multichannel fiber optic biosensor for field detection","volume":"36","author":"Golden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.12.003","article-title":"Portable optical immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of microcystin-LR in water samples","volume":"24","author":"Long","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.12.004","article-title":"Sensitive and rapid detection of 2,4-dicholoro phenoxyacetic acid in water samples by using evanescent wave all-fiber immunosensor","volume":"23","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.10.018","article-title":"Ultrasensitive quantum dots-based DNA detection and hybridization kinetics analysis with evanescent wave biosensing platform","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, F., Zhu, A., Shi, H., Wang, H., and Liu, J. (2013). Rapid on-site\/in-situ detection of heavy metal ions in environmental water using a structure-switching DNA optical biosensor. Sci. Rep., 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02308"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.03.022","article-title":"Reusable evanescent wave DNA biosensor for rapid, highly sensitive, and selective detection of mercury ions","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.04.044","article-title":"Compact quantitative optic fiber-based immunoarray biosensor for rapid detection of small analytes","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"515","article-title":"Optical biosensors in drug discovery","volume":"1","author":"Cooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(02)00242-7","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective surface plasmon resonance sensor for detection of sub-ppb levels of benzo[a]pyrene by indirect competitive immunoreaction method","volume":"18","author":"Miura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.10.013","article-title":"Determination of carbaryl in natural water samples by a surface plasmon resonance flow-through immunosensor","volume":"21","author":"Mauriz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.08.023","article-title":"A simple and versatile self-assembled monolayer based surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of 2,4-D from natural water resources","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.03.005","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance immunosensor using Au nanoparticle for detection of TNT","volume":"133","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2007.11.027","article-title":"Nanosensing at the single cell level","volume":"63","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part B"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010005908586","article-title":"Development of nanosensors and bioprobes","volume":"2","author":"Griffin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8758","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc42513d","article-title":"A modified mesoporous silica optical nanosensor for selective monitoring of multiple analytes in water","volume":"49","author":"Moorty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145002","article-title":"Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities","volume":"317","author":"Armani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Hasan, J., Goldbloom-Helzner, D., Ichida, A., Rouse, T., and Gibson, M. (2005). Technologies and Techniques for Early Warning Systems to Monitor and Evaluate Drinking Water Quality: A state-of-the-art Review, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA\/600\/R-05\/156."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Algal Toxicity. Available online: http:\/\/www.envitech.co.uk\/default.asp?contentID=164."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4372-6","article-title":"Are luminescent bacteria suitable for online detection and monitoring of toxic compounds in drinking water and its sources?","volume":"400","author":"Woutersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4354-8","article-title":"A multi-channel bioluminescent bacterial biosensor for the on-line detection of metals and toxicity. Part II: Technical development and proof of concept of the biosensor","volume":"400","author":"Charrier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.10.027","article-title":"Ecotoxicological evaluation of sodium fluoroacetate on aquatic organisms and investigation of the effects on two fish cell lines","volume":"67","author":"Zurita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.07.032","article-title":"Automated Water Analyser Computer Supported System (AWACSS) Part I: Project objectives, basic technology, immunoassay development, software design and networking","volume":"20","author":"Tschmelak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1021\/es305196f","article-title":"Automated online optical biosensing system for continuous real-time determination of microcystin-LR with high sensitivity and specificity: Early warning for cyanotoxin risk in drinking water sources","volume":"47","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/3\/032001","article-title":"State-of-the-art lab chip sensors for environmental water monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Jang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/10\/13928\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:51Z","timestamp":1760219391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/10\/13928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s131013928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s131013928","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]]}}}