{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:20:21Z","timestamp":1775913621593,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Finger veins have been proved to be an effective biometric for personal identification in the recent years. However, finger vein images are easily affected by influences such as image translation, orientation, scale, scattering, finger structure, complicated background, uneven illumination, and collection posture. All these factors may contribute to inaccurate region of interest (ROI) definition, and so degrade the performance of finger vein identification system. To improve this problem, in this paper, we propose a finger vein ROI localization method that has high effectiveness and robustness against the above factors. The proposed method consists of a set of steps to localize ROIs accurately, namely segmentation, orientation correction, and ROI detection. Accurate finger region segmentation and correct calculated orientation can support each other to produce higher accuracy in localizing ROIs. Extensive experiments have been performed on the finger vein image database, MMCBNU_6000, to verify the robustness of the proposed method. The proposed method shows the segmentation accuracy of 100%. Furthermore, the average processing time of the proposed method is 22 ms for an acquired image, which satisfies the criterion of a real-time finger vein identification system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s131114339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T12:03:57Z","timestamp":1382616237000},"page":"14339-14366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Robust Finger Vein ROI Localization Based on  Flexible Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronic and Information Engineering, Chonbuk National University,  Jeonju 561-756, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sook","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729,  Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jucheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronic and Information Engineering, Chonbuk National University,  Jeonju 561-756, Korea"},{"name":"IT Convergence Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1251145","article-title":"Personal identification based on iris texture analysis","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Li, X.Y., and Guo, S.X. (2008). Pattern Recognition Techniques, Technology and Application, InTech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S.Z. (2009). Encyclopedia of Biometrics, Springer-Verlag. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73003-5"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hashimoto, J.C. (2006, January 15\u201317). Finger Vein Authentication Technology Its Future. Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Yanagawa, T., Aoki, S., and Ohyama, T. (2007). Human Finger Vein Images are Diverse and Its Patterns are Useful for Personal Identification, Kyushu University MHF Preprint Series."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2012.04.018","article-title":"Finger-vein ROI localization and vein ridge enhancement","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.3390\/s120303627","article-title":"Scatting removal for finger-vein image restoration","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33191-6_3","article-title":"Illumination normalization for SIFT based finger vein authentication","volume":"7432","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lect. Note. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2171697","article-title":"Human identification using finger images","volume":"21","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-004-0149-2","article-title":"Feature extraction of finger-vein patterns based on repeated line tracking and its application to personal identification","volume":"15","author":"Miura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mach. Vision Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Miura, N., Nagasaka, A., and Miyatake, T. (2005, January 16\u201318). Extraction of Finger-Vein Patterns Using Maximum Curvature Points in Image Profiles. Tsukuba, Japan."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.04.021","article-title":"A finger-vein verification system using mean curvature","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, B.N., Dai, Y.G., Li, R.F., Tang, D.R., and Li, W.X. (2010, January 23\u201326). Finger-Vein Authentication Based on Wide Line Detector and Pattern Normalization. Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.316"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J.F., and Yan, M.F. (2010, January 24\u201328). An Improved Method for Finger-Vein Image Enhancement. Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSP.2010.5656832"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Xie, S.J., Yang, J.C., Yoon, S., Lu, Y., and Park, D.S. (2012, January 25\u201329). Guided Gabor Filter for Finger Vein Pattern Extraction. Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.20193","article-title":"Finger vein recognition using minutia-based alignment and local binary pattern-based feature extraction","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"11357","article-title":"Finger vein recognition using local line binary pattern","volume":"11","author":"Bakhtiar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.10.013","article-title":"Finger-vein pattern identification using principal component analysis and the neural network technique","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14937","DOI":"10.3390\/s121114937","article-title":"Finger vein recognition based on local directional code","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201738","article-title":"Finger vein recognition based on a personalized best bit map","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.H., Tien, D.N., Lee, E.C., Kim, S.M., and Kim, H.C. (2011, January 14\u201315). A Multimodal Biometric Recognition of Touched Fingerprint and Finger-Vein. Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CMSP.2011.57"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1166\/asl.2012.2177","article-title":"Combining touched fingerprint and finger-vein of a finger, and its usability evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2012.6227456","article-title":"An embedded real-time finger-vein recognition system for mobile devices","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.3390\/s110302319","article-title":"New finger biometric method using near infrared imaging","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2009.12.006","article-title":"Finger vein recognition with manifold learning","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6252","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.006252","article-title":"Finger vein verification system based on sparse representation","volume":"51","author":"Xin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Sprawls, P. Scattered Radiation and Contrast. Available online: http:\/\/www.sprawls.org\/ppmi2\/SCATRAD\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Hartigan, J.A. (1975). Clustering Algorithms, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2005.06.003","article-title":"A robust method for detecting facial orientation in infrared images","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5772\/53474","article-title":"Image quality enhancement using the direction and thickness of vein lines for finger-vein recognition","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1090","article-title":"Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns","volume":"22","author":"Ojala","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ton, B.T., and Veldhuis, R.N.J. (2013, January 4\u20137). A High Quality Finger Vascular Pattern Dataset Collected Using a Custom Designed Capturing Device. Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2013.6612966"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"PKU Finger Vein Database from Peking University. Available online: http:\/\/rate.pku.edu.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Homologous Multi-modal Traits Database (SDUMLA-HMT) from Shandong University. Available online: http:\/\/mla.sdu.edu.cn\/sdumla-hmt.html."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University Finger Image Database. Available online: http:\/\/www4.comp.polyu.edu.hk\/\u223ccsajaykr\/fvdatabase.htm."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/11\/14339\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:06Z","timestamp":1760219406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/11\/14339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s131114339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s131114339","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]]}}}