{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T07:24:40Z","timestamp":1780730680986,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,4]],"date-time":"2013-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a new sensor placement approach for leak location in water distribution networks (WDNs). The sensor placement problem is formulated as an integer optimization problem. The optimization criterion consists in minimizing the number of non-isolable leaks according to the isolability criteria introduced. Because of the large size and non-linear integer nature of the resulting optimization problem, genetic algorithms (GAs) are used as the solution approach. The obtained results are compared with a semi-exhaustive search method with higher computational effort, proving that GA allows one to find near-optimal solutions with less computational load. Moreover, three ways of increasing the robustness of the GA-based sensor placement method have been proposed using a time horizon analysis, a distance-based scoring and considering different leaks sizes. A great advantage of the proposed methodology is that it does not depend on the isolation method chosen by the user, as long as it is based on leak sensitivity analysis. Experiments in two networks allow us to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s131114984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,4]],"date-time":"2013-11-04T10:44:54Z","timestamp":1383561894000},"page":"14984-15005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Optimal Sensor Placement for Leak Location in Water Distribution Networks Using Genetic Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Myrna","family":"Casillas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Supervision and Advanced Control Chair, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6364-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicen\u04ab","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAC Research Group, Institut de Rob\u00f3tica i Inform\u00e0tica Industrial (IRI-CSIC), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), Llorens i Artigues, 4-6, Barcelona 08028, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Garza-Casta\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Supervision and Advanced Control Chair, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Rosich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust, University of Luxembourg, 4, rue Alphonse Weicker L-2721, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/15730621003610878","article-title":"A review of methods for leakage management in pipe networks","volume":"7","author":"Puust","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000089","article-title":"Acoustic detection of leaks in water pipelines using measurements inside pipe","volume":"3","author":"Khulief","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. 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