{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T01:45:03Z","timestamp":1768700703074,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses the problem of leakage in water distribution systems through the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a nondestructive method. Laboratory tests are performed to extract features of water leakage from the obtained GPR images. Moreover, a test in a real-world urban system under real conditions is performed. Feature extraction is performed by interpreting GPR images with the support of a pre-processing methodology based on an appropriate combination of statistical methods and multi-agent systems. The results of these tests are presented, interpreted, analyzed and discussed in this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s131215912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T12:20:55Z","timestamp":1385382055000},"page":"15912-15936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["GPR-Based Water Leak Models in Water Distribution Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Ayala\u2013Cabrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FluIng\u2013IMM, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n Edif. 5C 46022, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BaTir, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles, Av. F. 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