{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:02:41Z","timestamp":1763017361331,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,5]],"date-time":"2013-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three methods were used to fabricate ZnO-based room temperature liquid petroleum gas (LPG) sensors having interdigitated metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structures. Specifically, devices with Pd Schottky contacts were fabricated with: (1) un-doped ZnO active layers; (2) Pd-doped ZnO active layers; and (3) un-doped ZnO layers on top of Pd microstructure arrays. All ZnO films were grown on p-type Si(111) substrates by the sol-gel method. For devices incorporating a microstructure array, Pd islands were first grown on the substrate by thermal evaporation using a 100 \u03bcm mesh shadow mask. We have estimated the sensitivity of the sensors for applied voltage from<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s131216801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,5]],"date-time":"2013-12-05T11:35:30Z","timestamp":1386243330000},"page":"16801-16815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effect of Embedded Pd Microstructures on the Flat-Band-Voltage Operation of Room Temperature ZnO-Based Liquid Petroleum Gas Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ghusoon","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29528, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cody","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29528, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Jasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isam","family":"Abdulbaqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29528, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.09.038","article-title":"Cr2O3-modified ZnO thick film resistors as LPG sensors","volume":"77","author":"Patil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.03.007","article-title":"LPG sensing properties of ZnO films prepared by spray pyrolysis method: Effect of molarity of precursor solution","volume":"120","author":"Shinde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. 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