{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T01:58:40Z","timestamp":1772675920380,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,27]],"date-time":"2013-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to distinguish dysfunctional gait, clinicians require a measure of reference gait parameters for each population. This study provided normative values for widely used parameters in more than 1,400 able-bodied adults over the age of 65. We also measured the foot clearance parameters (i.e., height of the foot above ground during swing phase) that are crucial to understand the complex relationship between gait and falls as well as obstacle negotiation strategies. We used a shoe-worn inertial sensor on each foot and previously validated algorithms to extract the gait parameters during 20 m walking trials in a corridor at a self-selected pace. We investigated the difference of the gait parameters between male and female participants by considering the effect of age and height factors. Besides; we examined the inter-relation of the clearance parameters with the gait speed. The sample size and breadth of gait parameters provided in this study offer a unique reference resource for the researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,27]],"date-time":"2013-12-27T12:54:46Z","timestamp":1388148886000},"page":"443-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Gait and Foot Clearance Parameters Obtained Using Shoe-Worn Inertial Sensors in a Large-Population Sample of Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Farzin","family":"Dadashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Rochat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Geriatric Medicine and Geriatric Rehabilitation, University of Lausanne Medical Center, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"B\u00fcla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Geriatric Medicine and Geriatric Rehabilitation, University of Lausanne Medical Center, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Santos-Eggimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University of Lausanne Medical Center, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Kamiar","family":"Aminian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3390\/s110100638","article-title":"Sensing movement: Microsensors for body motion measurement","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.03.006","article-title":"Objective evaluation of cervical spine mobility after surgery during free-living activity","volume":"28","author":"Duc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5791","DOI":"10.3390\/s120505791","article-title":"Detection of (In)activity periods in human body motion using inertial sensors: A comparative study","volume":"12","author":"Olivares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-009-0562-9","article-title":"Ambulatory human motion tracking by fusion of inertial and magnetic sensing with adaptive actuation","volume":"48","author":"Schepers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.07.003","article-title":"3D gait assessment in young and elderly subjects using foot-worn inertial sensors","volume":"43","author":"Mariani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2216263","article-title":"Heel and toe clearance estimation for gait analysis using wireless inertial sensors","volume":"59","author":"Mariani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagal\u00e0, F., Becker, C., Cappello, A., Chiari, L., Aminian, K., Hausdorff, J.M., Zijlstra, W., and Klenk, J. (2012). Evaluation of accelerometer-based fall detection algorithms on real-world falls. PLoS One.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.09.060"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/74.7.637","article-title":"A comparison of gait characteristics in young and old subjects","volume":"74","author":"Ostrosky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(18)30194-0","article-title":"Effects of age on the biomechanics and physiology of gait","volume":"12","author":"Judge","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/17.6.365","article-title":"Falls by elderly people at home: Prevalence and associated factors","volume":"17","author":"Blake","year":"1988","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.07.010","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of ageing and falls history on minimum foot clearance characteristics during level walking","volume":"32","author":"Barrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M343","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.7.M343","article-title":"Reliability of foot trajectory measures within and between testing sessions","volume":"54","author":"Karst","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/72.1.45","article-title":"Foot trajectory in human gait: A precise and multifactorial motor control task","volume":"72","author":"Winter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.03.008","article-title":"Minimum foot clearance during walking: Strategies for the minimisation of trip-related falls","volume":"25","author":"Begg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.01.034","article-title":"Estimation of minimum ground clearance (MGC) using body-worn inertial sensors","volume":"44","author":"McGrath","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.889769","article-title":"Ambulatory assessment of ankle and foot dynamics","volume":"54","author":"Schepers","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.07.012","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of foot-flat and stance phase of gait using foot-worn inertial sensors","volume":"37","author":"Mariani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2227317","article-title":"On-shoe wearable sensors for gait and turning assessment of patients with parkinson's disease","volume":"60","author":"Mariani","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20060124","article-title":"Quaternion-based fusion of gyroscopes and accelerometers to improve 3D angle measurement","volume":"42","author":"Favre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"16","article-title":"Differences in gait parameters at a preferred walking speed in healthy subjects due to age, height and body weight","volume":"13","author":"Samson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aging (Milan Italy)"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.03.024","article-title":"Normative spatiotemporal gait parameters in older adults","volume":"34","author":"Hollman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.12.004","article-title":"Methodology for determining the sensitivity of swing leg toe clearance and leg length to swing leg joint angles during gait","volume":"24","author":"Moosabhoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.02.003","article-title":"Use of segmental coordination analysis of nonparetic and paretic limbs during obstacle clearance in community-dwelling persons after stroke","volume":"5","author":"MacLellan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3269-3","article-title":"Enhancing memory of stair height by the motor experience of stepping","volume":"223","author":"Shinya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.05.013","article-title":"Ageing and limb dominance effects on foot-ground clearance during treadmill and overground walking","volume":"26","author":"Nagano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.106914","article-title":"Quantitative gait dysfunction and risk of cognitive decline and dementia","volume":"78","author":"Verghese","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/29.5.441","article-title":"Walking speed as a good predictor for the onset of functional dependence in a Japanese rural community population","volume":"29","author":"Shinkai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M221","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.4.M221","article-title":"Lower extremity function and subsequent disability consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the Short Physical Performance Battery","volume":"55","author":"Guralnik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp033","article-title":"Quantitative gait markers and incident fall risk in older adults","volume":"64","author":"Verghese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/1\/443\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:51:39Z","timestamp":1760219499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/1\/443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s140100443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140100443","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,27]]}}}