{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T06:53:27Z","timestamp":1774767207825,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,2]],"date-time":"2014-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spraying techniques have been undergoing continuous evolution in recent decades. This paper presents part of the research work carried out in Spain in the field of sensors for characterizing vineyard canopies and monitoring spray drift in order to improve vineyard spraying and make it more sustainable. Some methods and geostatistical procedures for mapping vineyard parameters are proposed, and the development of a variable rate sprayer is described. All these technologies are interesting in terms of adjusting the amount of pesticides applied to the target canopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,2]],"date-time":"2014-01-02T11:29:28Z","timestamp":1388662168000},"page":"691-708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Advanced Technologies for the Improvement of Spray Application Techniques in Spanish Viticulture: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agri Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Esteve Terradas 8, Campus del Baix Llobregat D4, 08860 Castelledfels, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jaume","family":"Arn\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Forest Engineering, Research Group in AgroICT & Precision Agriculture, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Llorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agri Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Esteve Terradas 8, Campus del Baix Llobregat D4, 08860 Castelledfels, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Forest Engineering, Research Group in AgroICT & Precision Agriculture, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Llop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agri Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Esteve Terradas 8, Campus del Baix Llobregat D4, 08860 Castelledfels, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Rosell-Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Forest Engineering, Research Group in AgroICT & Precision Agriculture, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Gallart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agri Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Esteve Terradas 8, Campus del Baix Llobregat D4, 08860 Castelledfels, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9775-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Escol\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Forest Engineering, Research Group in AgroICT & Precision Agriculture, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.09.007","article-title":"A review of methods and applications of the geometric characterization of tree crops in agricultural activities","volume":"81","author":"Rosell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. 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