{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:43:58Z","timestamp":1780512238195,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current researchon underwater wireless sensor networks, focusing on the lower layers of the communicationstack, and envisions future trends and challenges. It analyzes the current state-of-the-art onthe physical, medium access control and routing layers. It summarizes their security threadsand surveys the currently proposed studies. Current envisioned niches for further advances inunderwater networks research range from efficient, low-power algorithms and<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T11:17:08Z","timestamp":1389007028000},"page":"795-833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks: Advances and Future Trends in Physical, MAC and Routing Layers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Salvador","family":"Climent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, Val\u00e8ncia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, Val\u00e8ncia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Capella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, Val\u00e8ncia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirvana","family":"Meratnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pervasive Systems, University of Twente, P. 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