{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:30:00Z","timestamp":1773232200234,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]],"date-time":"2014-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A system is presented for long-term monitoring of respiration and pulse. It comprises four non-contact sensors based on magnetic eddy current induction that are textile-integrated into a shirt. The sensors are technically characterized by laboratory experiments that investigate the sensitivity and measuring depth, as well as the mutual interaction between adjacent pairs of sensors. The ability of the device to monitor respiration and pulse is demonstrated by measurements in healthy volunteers. The proposed system (called the MAIN (magnetic induction) Shirt) does not need electrodes or any other skin contact. It is wearable, unobtrusive and can easily be integrated into an individual\u2019s daily routine. Therefore, the system appears to be a suitable option for long-term monitoring in a domestic environment or any other unsupervised telemonitoring scenario.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]],"date-time":"2014-01-09T14:10:57Z","timestamp":1389276657000},"page":"1039-1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["The MAIN Shirt: A Textile-Integrated Magnetic Induction Sensor Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Teichmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Euro Engineering AG, Karlsruhe 76135, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6898-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Leonhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4137-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2005.11.63","article-title":"The current state of telemonitoring: A comment on the literature","volume":"11","author":"Meystre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teichmann, D., Foussier, J., Buscher, M., Walter, M., and Leonhardt, S. (2012, January 26\u201331). Textile Integration of a Magnetic Induction Sensor for Monitoring of Cardiorespiratory Activity. Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29305-4_354"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/9\/963","article-title":"Human motion classification based on a textile integrated and wearable sensor array","volume":"34","author":"Teichmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1968.4502577","article-title":"Electrodeless measurements of the effective resistivity of the human torso and head by magnetic induction","volume":"15","author":"Tarjan","year":"1968","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/12\/8\/319","article-title":"Magnetic induction tomography","volume":"12","author":"Griffiths","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/22\/1\/317","article-title":"Magnetic induction tomography: Hardware for multi-frequency measurements in biological tissues","volume":"22","author":"Scharfetter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/25\/1\/043","article-title":"Planar system for magnetic induction conductivity measurement using a sensor matrix","volume":"25","author":"Riedel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2011-0064","article-title":"A portable magnetic induction measurement system (PIMS). Biomed. Tech","volume":"57","author":"Cordes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1967.4502453","article-title":"Electronic device for physiological kinetic measurements and detection of extraneous bodies","volume":"BME-14","author":"Vas","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02447098","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of ventricular wall motion by electromagnetic coupling: Part 1 Theory","volume":"29","author":"Kwok","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Guardo, R., Trudelle, S., Adler, A., Boulay, C., and Savard, P. (1995, January 23\u201325). Contactless Recording of Cardiac Related Thoracic Conductivity Changes. Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"183","article-title":"Physiological measurement based on foucault principle: Set-up of the problem","volume":"34","author":"Humal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2008.915633","article-title":"Mobile noncontact monitoring of heart and lung activity","volume":"1","author":"Steffen","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuit. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Richer, A., and Adler, A. (2005, January 16\u20139). Eddy Current Based Flexible Sensor for Contactless Measurement of Breathing. Ottawa, Ont, Canada."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2248732","article-title":"Noncontact monitoring of cardiorespiratory activity by electromagnetic coupling","volume":"60","author":"Teichmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S307","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/26\/2\/028","article-title":"A new type of gradiometer for the receiving circuit of magnetic induction tomography (MIT)","volume":"26","author":"Scharfetter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Libby, H.L. (1971). Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods, R. E. Krieger Pub. Co."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vedru, J., and Gordon, R. (012010). Model of an inductive sensor of cardiac activity attached to patient. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 224.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/224\/1\/012010"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/001","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/003","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Houck, H., and Gaw, N.W. (, January December). A New Method of Accurate Frequency Measurement. New York, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/2987937","article-title":"Measurement in medicine: The analysis of method comparison studies","volume":"32","author":"Altman","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Statistician"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/79.91217","article-title":"Wavelets and signal processing","volume":"8","author":"Rioul","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2002). ANSI\/AAMI EC13:2002 Cardiac Monitors, Heart Rate Meters, and Alarms, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012074","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/434\/1\/012074","article-title":"High spatial and temporal resolution 4D FEM simulation of the thoracic bioimpedance using MRI scans","volume":"434","author":"Ulbrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1109\/10.8686","article-title":"A noninvasive electromagnetic conductivity sensor for biomedical applications","volume":"35","author":"Hart","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.5.1531","article-title":"Chest wall motion during tidal breathing","volume":"83","author":"Groote","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3390\/s130100898","article-title":"Evaluation of a 433 MHz band body sensor network for biomedical applications","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/1\/1039\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:07:14Z","timestamp":1760216834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/1\/1039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s140101039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140101039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]]}}}