{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:19:19Z","timestamp":1778318359845,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]],"date-time":"2014-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose and demonstrate a wireless, passive, metamaterial-based sensor that allows for remotely monitoring submicron displacements over millimeter ranges. The sensor comprises a probe made of multiple nested split ring resonators (NSRRs) in a double-comb architecture coupled to an external antenna in its near-field. In operation, the sensor detects displacement of a structure onto which the NSRR probe is attached by telemetrically tracking the shift in its local frequency peaks. Owing to the NSRR\u2019s  near-field excitation response, which is highly sensitive to the displaced comb-teeth over a wide separation, the wireless sensing system exhibits a relatively high resolution (&lt;1 \u00b5m) and a large dynamic range (over 7 mm), along with high levels of linearity (R2 &gt; 0.99 over 5 mm) and sensitivity (&gt;12.7 MHz\/mm in the 1\u20133 mm range). The sensor is also shown to be working in the linear region in a scenario where it is attached to a standard structural reinforcing bar. Because of its wireless and passive nature, together with its low cost, the proposed system enabled by the metamaterial probes holds a great promise for applications in remote structural health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]],"date-time":"2014-01-17T12:48:09Z","timestamp":1389962889000},"page":"1691-1704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Wireless Displacement Sensing Enabled by Metamaterial Probes for Remote Structural Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7485-2132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burak","family":"Ozbey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics,  UNAM\u2014Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University,  Ankara TR-06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics,  UNAM\u2014Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University,  Ankara TR-06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatice","family":"Ertugrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics,  UNAM\u2014Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University,  Ankara TR-06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozgur","family":"Kurc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara TR-06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Puttlitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering,  Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vakur","family":"Erturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics,  UNAM\u2014Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University,  Ankara TR-06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayhan","family":"Altintas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics,  UNAM\u2014Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University,  Ankara TR-06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilmi","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics,  UNAM\u2014Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University,  Ankara TR-06800, Turkey"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/12\/2\/307","article-title":"A smart sensor using a mechanical memory for structural health monitoring of a damage-controlled building","volume":"12","author":"Mita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Smart Mater. 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