{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:16:41Z","timestamp":1771514201930,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]],"date-time":"2014-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the Vernier effect has been proved to be very efficient for significantly improving the sensitivity and the limit of detection (LOD) of chemical, biochemical and gas photonic sensors. In this paper a review of compact and efficient photonic sensors based on the Vernier effect is presented. The most relevant results of several theoretical and experimental works are reported, and the theoretical model of the typical Vernier effect-based sensor is discussed as well. In particular, sensitivity up to 460 \u03bcm\/RIU has been experimentally reported, while ultra-high sensitivity of 2,500 \u03bcm\/RIU and ultra-low LOD of 8.79 \u00d7 10\u22128 RIU have been theoretically demonstrated, employing a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) as sensing device instead of an add drop ring resonator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140304831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]],"date-time":"2014-03-10T07:29:49Z","timestamp":1394436589000},"page":"4831-4855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Recent Advances in Gas and Chemical Detection by  Vernier Effect-Based Photonic Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"La Notte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione,  Politecnico di Bari, via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedetto","family":"Troia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione,  Politecnico di Bari, via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3060-0352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Muciaccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione,  Politecnico di Bari, via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Campanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione,  Politecnico di Bari, via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"De Leonardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione,  Politecnico di Bari, via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0802-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Passaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione,  Politecnico di Bari, via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/s110100019","article-title":"Improving the performance of catalytic combustion type methane gas sensors using nanostructure elements doped with rare earth cocatalysts","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11953","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.011953","article-title":"Rational design and optimization of plasmonic nanoarrays for surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Liberman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. 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