{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:12:12Z","timestamp":1768590732465,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present work, NiCo2O4 nanostructures are fabricated in three dimensions (3D) on nickel foam by the hydrothermal method. The nanomaterial was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The nanostructures exhibit nanoneedle-like morphology grown in 3D with good crystalline quality. The nanomaterial is composed of nickel, cobalt and oxygen atoms. By using the favorable porosity of the nanomaterial and the substrate itself, a sensitive glucose sensor is proposed by immobilizing glucose oxidase. The presented glucose sensor has shown linear response over a wide range of glucose concentrations from 0.005 mM to 15 mM with a sensitivity of 91.34 mV\/decade and a fast response time of less than 10 s. The NiCo2O4 nanostructures-based glucose sensor has shown excellent reproducibility, repeatability and stability. The sensor showed negligible response to the normal concentrations of common interferents with glucose sensing, including uric acid, dopamine and ascorbic acid. All these favorable advantages of the fabricated glucose sensor suggest that it may have high potential for the determination of glucose in biological samples, food and other related areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140305415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T13:10:12Z","timestamp":1395148212000},"page":"5415-5425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Synthesis of Three Dimensional Nickel Cobalt Oxide Nanoneedles on Nickel Foam, Their Characterization  and Glucose Sensing Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mushtaque","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrk\u00f6ping, 60174, Link\u00f6ping University,  SE-60174 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Zafar","family":"Ibupoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrk\u00f6ping, 60174, Link\u00f6ping University,  SE-60174 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Mazhar","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrk\u00f6ping, 60174, Link\u00f6ping University,  SE-60174 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Xianjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping 58183, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Nur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrk\u00f6ping, 60174, Link\u00f6ping University,  SE-60174 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Willander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrk\u00f6ping, 60174, Link\u00f6ping University,  SE-60174 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200800854","article-title":"Hollow Micro-\/Nanostructures: Synthesis and Applications","volume":"20","author":"Lou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200502823","article-title":"Template-Free Synthesis and Assembly of Single-Crystalline Tungsten Oxide Nanowires and their Gas-Sensing Properties","volume":"45","author":"Polleux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5292","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200704541","article-title":"Surfactant-free nonaqueous synthesis of metal oxide nanostructures","volume":"47","author":"Pinna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1139\/v68-576","article-title":"Chalkogenides of the transition elements. VI. X-Ray, neutron, and magnetic investigation of the spinels Co3O4, NiCo2O4, Co3S4, and NiCo2S4","volume":"46","author":"Knop","year":"1968","journal-title":"Canadian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21647","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm34705a","article-title":"Morphology evolution of urchin-like NiCo2O4 nanostructures and their applications as psuedocapacitors and photoelectrochemical cells","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200902175","article-title":"A cost-effective super capacitor material of ultrahigh specific capacitances: Spinel Nickel Cobaltite aerogels from an epoxide-driven Sol\u2013Gel process","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(90)90705-G","article-title":"Electronic structure of NiCo2O4 by XANES, EXAFS and 61Ni M\u00f6ssbauer studies","volume":"74","author":"Lenglet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5408(79)90066-7","article-title":"A neutron diffraction study of the ferrimagnetic spinel NiCo2O4","volume":"14","author":"Battle","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12805","DOI":"10.1021\/jp103705q","article-title":"Nanostructured Co3O4 materials: Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical behaviors as anode reactants in rechargeable Lithium ion batteries","volume":"114","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00986","article-title":"CoMn2O4 Spinel hierarchical microspheres assembled with porous nanosheets as stable anodes for Lithium-ion batteries","volume":"2","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2210078","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanocomb biosensor for glucose detection","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4795135","article-title":"The synthesis of CuO nanoleaves, structural characterization, and their glucose sensing application","volume":"102","author":"Ibupoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.02.025","article-title":"Functionalised ZnO-nanorod-based selective electrochemical sensor for intracellular glucose","volume":"25","author":"Asif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bios. Bioelectr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Briggs, D., and Grant, J.T. (2003). Surface Analysis by Auger and X\u2013ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, IM Publications."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12253","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm31057k","article-title":"Bio-inspired synthesis of NaCl-type CoxNi1\u2212xO (0 \u2264 x < 1) nanorods on reduced graphene oxide sheets and screening for asymmetric electrochemical capacitors","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16084","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm32351f","article-title":"Facile template-free synthesis of ultralayered mesoporous nickel cobaltite nanowires towards high-performance electrochemical capacitors","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115613","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/11\/115613","article-title":"Nanostructured mesoporous nickel oxide thin films","volume":"18","author":"Sasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1039\/b302654j","article-title":"Highly sensitive glucose sensor based on work function changes measured by an EMOSFET","volume":"128","author":"Shaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Analyst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014302","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2826952","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanorods grown on two dimensional macro porous periodic structures and plane Si as a pH sensor","volume":"103","author":"Klason","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153110","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4758701","article-title":"Highly efficient potentiometric glucose biosensor based on functionalized InN quantum dots","volume":"101","author":"Alvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.10.060","article-title":"Development of amperometric glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase co-immobilized with multi-walled carbon nanotubes at low potential","volume":"137","author":"Rahman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(00)00117-2","article-title":"Fabrication of ultra-thin polypyrrole\u2013glucose oxidase film from supporting electrolyte-free monomer solution for potentiometric biosensing of glucose","volume":"16","author":"Samuel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.09.014","article-title":"Glucose biosensor based on Au nanoparticles\u2013conductive polyaniline nanocomposite","volume":"21","author":"Xian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683813020051","article-title":"Potentiometric glucose determination in human serum samples with glucose oxidase biosensor based on Iodide electrode","volume":"49","author":"Karaku","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.10.051","article-title":"Self-assembled microstructure of carbon nanotubes for enzymeless glucose sensor","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.01.033","article-title":"One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles\/carbon nanotubes\/chitosan film and its application in glucose biosensor","volume":"137","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/3\/5415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:19Z","timestamp":1760216959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/3\/5415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s140305415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140305415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]}}}