{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:51:36Z","timestamp":1778151096893,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]],"date-time":"2014-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The new revolution in materials science is being driven by our ability to manipulate matter at the molecular level to create structures with novel functions and properties. The aim of this paper is to explore new strategies to obtain plasmonic metal nanostructures through the combination of a top down method, that is electron beam lithography, and a bottom up technique, that is the chemical electroless deposition. This technique allows a tight control over the shape and size of bi- and three-dimensional metal patterns at the nano scale. The resulting nanostructures can be used as constituents of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, where the electromagnetic field is strongly amplified. Our results indicate that, in electroless growth, high quality metal nanostructures with sizes below 50 nm may be easily obtained. These findings were explained within the framework of a diffusion limited aggregation (DLA) model, that is a simulation model that makes it possible to decipher, at an atomic level, the rules governing the evolution of the growth front; moreover, we give a description of the physical mechanisms of growth at a basic level. In the discussion, we show how these findings can be utilized to fabricate dimers of silver nanospheres where the size and shape of those spheres is controlled with extreme precision and can be used for very large area SERS substrates and nano-optics, for single molecule detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140406056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]],"date-time":"2014-03-27T12:28:24Z","timestamp":1395923304000},"page":"6056-6083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Electroless Deposition and Nanolithography Can  Control the Formation of Materials at the Nano-Scale for Plasmonic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Coluccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16163, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Francardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Perozziello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Malara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6156-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizio","family":"Candeloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enzo","family":"Di Fabrizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1220869","article-title":"Predictive Self-Assembly of Polyhedra into Complex Structures","volume":"337","author":"Damasceno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2011.222","article-title":"Breaking the diffusion limit with super hydrophobic delivery of few molecules to plasmonic nanofocusing structures","volume":"5","author":"Gentile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-007-9423-6","article-title":"The Transport of Nanoparticles in Blood Vessels: The Effect of Vessel Permeability and Blood Rheology","volume":"2","author":"Gentile","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/481450a","article-title":"Nanotechnology: Shape Matters","volume":"481","author":"Glotzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2892","article-title":"Nanoparticle Assembly: Made to Order","volume":"9","author":"Glotzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/471309a","article-title":"Materials Science: Complex order in soft matter","volume":"471","author":"Glotzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1319","article-title":"To be nano or not to be nano?","volume":"4","author":"Joachim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.06.016","article-title":"Cells Preferentially Grow on Moderately Rough Substrates","volume":"31","author":"Gentile","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioMaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1408","article-title":"Are scaling laws on strength of solids related to mechanics or to geometry?","volume":"4","author":"Carpentieri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201002113","article-title":"Artificial Surface-Modified Si3N4 Nanopores for Single Surface-Modified Gold Nanoparticle Scanning","volume":"7","author":"Astier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1021\/am300556w","article-title":"Superhydrophobic Surfaces as Smart Platforms for the Analysis of Diluted Biological Solutions","volume":"4","author":"Gentile","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1021\/jp026731y","article-title":"The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment","volume":"107","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt872","article-title":"The \u201cright\u201d size in nanotechnology","volume":"21","author":"Whitesides","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1021\/nn700048y","article-title":"In Vivo Imaging of Transport and Biocompatibility of Single Silver Nanoparticles in Early Development of Zebrafish Embryos","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.03.013","article-title":"Biological properties of \u201cnaked\u201d metalnanoparticles","volume":"60","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.10.005","article-title":"Studies on interaction of colloidal Ag nanoparticles with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)","volume":"76","author":"Ravindrana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"4128","article-title":"Nanoparticles, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids: Biotechnology Meets Materials Science","volume":"40","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1039\/b502142c","article-title":"Size matters: Why nanomaterials are different","volume":"35","author":"Roduner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165410","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.69.165410","article-title":"Surface tension effect on the mechanical properties of nanomaterials measured by atomic force microscopy","volume":"69","author":"Cuenot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1039\/c2nr30145h","article-title":"Silver self aggregation in a nanodevice for enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Experiments vs. simplified modeling via molecular dynamics","volume":"4","author":"Babiaczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1629280","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields around silver nanoparticles and dimmers","volume":"120","author":"Hao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2810","article-title":"The Fano resonance in plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials","volume":"9","author":"Zheludev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2008.01.040","article-title":"Self-assembled synthesis of SERS-active silver dendrites and photoluminescence properties of a thin porous silicon layer","volume":"10","author":"Ye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1021\/ac053456d","article-title":"Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"77","author":"Haynes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1039\/f29797500790","article-title":"Plasma Resonance Enhancement of Raman-Scattering by Pyridine Adsorbed on Silver or Gold Sol Particles of Size Comparable to the Excitation Wavelength","volume":"75","author":"Creighton","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardona, M., and Guntherodt, G. (1984). Light Scattering in Solids IV, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-11942-6"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(01)00459-0","article-title":"Single molecular detection of a perylene dye dispersed in a Langmuir-Blodgett fatty acid monolayer using surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering","volume":"58","author":"Constantino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1051\/jphyscol:19831069","article-title":"Electromagnetically Induced Changes in Intensities, Spectra and Temporal Behavior of Light Scattering from Molecules on Silver Island Films","volume":"44","author":"Garoff","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Phys. Colloq."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100869j","article-title":"Directed Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Grzelczak","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2007.10.073","article-title":"Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on nanolithography-prepared substrates","volume":"8","author":"Etchegoin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200701295","article-title":"Shape Control of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals","volume":"4","author":"Tao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.189","article-title":"Tunable plasmonic superlattices of silver nanocrystals","volume":"2","author":"Tao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200601277","article-title":"Polyhedral Silver Nanocrystals with Distinct Scattering Signatures","volume":"45","author":"Tao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4095(20020104)14:1<80::AID-ADMA80>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Controlling the Aspect Ratio of Inorganic Nanorods and Nanowires","volume":"14","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3922","DOI":"10.1021\/nl902134r","article-title":"Plasmonic nanogalaxies: Multiscale aperiodic arrays for surface-enhanced Raman sensing","volume":"9","author":"Gopinath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1021\/am4001024","article-title":"Combining Top-Down and Bottom-Up Routes for Fabrication of Mesoporous Titania Films Containing Ceria Nanoparticles for Free Radical Scavenging","volume":"5","author":"Pinna","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2679","article-title":"Quantum engineering at the silicon surface using dangling bonds","volume":"4","author":"Schofield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2008.03.001","article-title":"Self-selective electroless plating: An approach for fabrication of functional 1D Nanomaterials","volume":"61","author":"Qiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8001(01)00007-5","article-title":"Morphological changes of the Si [100] surface after treatment with concentrated and diluted HF","volume":"4","author":"Palermo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2007.04.058","article-title":"Nucleation behavior in electroless displacement deposition of metals on silicon from hydrofluoric acid solutions","volume":"53","author":"Yae","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochimica Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2006.07.049","article-title":"Electrochemical investigation of the surface energy: Effect of the HF concentration on electroless silver deposition onto p-Si (111)","volume":"253","author":"Ye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2004.07.001","article-title":"Electroless nickel deposition on amino-functionalized silica spheres","volume":"200","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1039\/a709236i","article-title":"Preparation of monodispersed metal particles","volume":"22","author":"Goia","year":"1998","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2004.02.009","article-title":"Morphological selection of electroless metal deposits on silicon in aqueous fluoride solution","volume":"49","author":"Peng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electrochimica Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2008.01.017","article-title":"Preparation of Au-Ag, Ag-Au core-shell bimetallic nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2008.12.061","article-title":"Silver-based surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate fabrication using nanolithography and site selective electroless deposition","volume":"86","author":"Coluccio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, F., Monteferrante, M., Chiodo, L., Toma, A., Coluccio, M.L., Ciccotti, G., and Di Fabrizio, E. (2014). Electroless Formation of Silver Nanoaggregates: An Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Approach. Mol. Phys., in press.","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2014.902518"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.47.1400","article-title":"Diffusion limited aggregation, a kinetic critical phenomenon","volume":"47","author":"Witten","year":"1981","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5311.377","article-title":"Atomistic process in the early stages of thin-film growth","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saltzmann, M. (2001). Drug Delivery, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195085891.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2011.01.046","article-title":"Fractal Structure Can Explain the Increased Hydrophobicity of NanoPorous Silicon Films","volume":"88","author":"Gentile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feder, J. (1988). Fractals, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2124-6"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2012.07.041","article-title":"Electroless Deposition Dynamics of Silver Nanoparticles Clusters: A Diffusion Limited Aggregation (DLA) Approach","volume":"98","author":"Gentile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.51.2382","article-title":"Diffusion controlled deposition: Cluster statistics and scaling","volume":"51","author":"Racz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.30.4207","article-title":"Diffusion controlled deposition on surfaces: Cluster size distribution, interface exponents, and other properties","volume":"30","author":"Meakin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6953","DOI":"10.1021\/ie051387n","article-title":"Hindrance Factors for Diffusion and Convection in Pores","volume":"45","author":"Dechadilok","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Ltd, J.W.S. (2003). Fractal Geometry: Mathematical Foundations and Applications, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1086\/429553","article-title":"The fractal dimension of projected clouds","volume":"625","author":"Sanchez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.6.4370","article-title":"Optical Constants of the Noble Metals","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Palik, E. (1998). Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, G. (2004). Nanostructures and Nanomaterials\u2014Synthesis Properties and Applications, Imperial College Press.","DOI":"10.1142\/9781860945960"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201000360","article-title":"Nanostructures: Biodegradable Porous Silicon Barcode Nanowires with Defined Geometry","volume":"20","author":"Chiappini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2001756","article-title":"Nucleation and Growth of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonthuis, J., Christine, M., Stein, D., and Dekker, C. (2008). Conformation and Dynamics of DNA Confined in Slitlike Nanofluidic Channels. Phys. Rev. Lett., 101.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.108303"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5196","DOI":"10.1021\/ma070570k","article-title":"An experimental study of DNA rotational relaxation time in nanoslits","volume":"40","author":"Hsieh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7368","DOI":"10.1021\/ma101157x","article-title":"Revisiting the conformation and dynamics of DNA in slit-like confinement","volume":"43","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1021\/nl803030e","article-title":"Confinement Spectroscopy: Probing Single DNA Molecules with Tapered Nanochannels","volume":"9","author":"Persson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"058302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.058302","article-title":"Nanoconfinement-Enhanced Conformational Response of Single DNA Molecules to Changes in Ionic Environment","volume":"99","author":"Reisner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.196101","article-title":"Statics and dynamics of single DNA molecules confined in nanochannels","volume":"94","author":"Reisner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27520","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/27\/275201","article-title":"Analysis of single quantum-dot mobility inside 1D nanochannel devices","volume":"22","author":"Hoang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235436","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.75.235436","article-title":"Theoretical study of the surface energy, stress, and lattice contraction of silver nanoparticles","volume":"75","author":"Medasani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M. (1998). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.08.050","article-title":"Nano-patterned SERS substrate: Application for protein analysis vs. temperature","volume":"24","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioSens. BioElectron."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2812122","article-title":"Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering","volume":"60","author":"Kneipp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Today"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.1163","article-title":"Collective Theory of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering","volume":"77","author":"Pendry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2614(82)83480-5","article-title":"A New Geometry for Field Enhancement in Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopy","volume":"85","author":"Aravind","year":"1982","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.52.3853","article-title":"Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering by Metal Spheres. I. Cluster Effect","volume":"52","author":"Inoue","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6816(84)90017-0","article-title":"Surface enhanced spectroscopy","volume":"17","author":"Metiu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s003400100650","article-title":"Local Fields Close to the Surface of Nanoparticles and Aggregates of Nanoparticles","volume":"73","author":"Quinten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4318","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.62.4318","article-title":"Electromagnetic contributions to single-molecule sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.83.4357","article-title":"Spectroscopy of Single Hemoglobin Molecules by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering","volume":"83","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.246802","article-title":"Surface- Plasmon- Enhanced Optical Forces in Silver Nanoaggregates","volume":"89","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200200544","article-title":"Polarization-Dependent Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Isolated Silver Nanoaggregates","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"ChemPhyschem"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/4\/6056\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:41Z","timestamp":1760216981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/4\/6056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s140406056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140406056","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]]}}}