{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:07:01Z","timestamp":1773410821416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]],"date-time":"2014-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the last years, the application of different wireless technologies has been explored in order to enable Internet connectivity from vehicles. In addition, the widespread adoption of smartphones by citizens represents a great opportunity to integrate such nomadic devices inside vehicles in order to provide new and personalized on trip services for passengers. In this paper, a proposal of communication architecture to provide the ubiquitous connectivity needed to enhance the smart train concept is presented and preliminarily tested. It combines an intra-wagon communication system based on nomadic devices connected through a Bluetooth Piconet Network with a highly innovative  train-to-ground communication system. In order to validate this communication solution, several tests and simulations have been performed and their results are described in  this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]],"date-time":"2014-05-05T11:53:53Z","timestamp":1399290833000},"page":"8003-8025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ubiquitous Connected Train Based on Train-to-Ground and Intra-Wagon Communications Capable of Providing on Trip Customized Digital Services for Passengers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Itziar","family":"Salaberria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deusto Institute of Technology (DeustoTech), University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asier","family":"Perallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deusto Institute of Technology (DeustoTech), University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leire","family":"Azpilicueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4911-9753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Falcone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6709-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Carballedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deusto Institute of Technology (DeustoTech), University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deusto Institute of Technology (DeustoTech), University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Elejoste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deusto Institute of Technology (DeustoTech), University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3370-3338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Bahillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deusto Institute of Technology (DeustoTech), University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7792-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Astrain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics and Computer Engineering Department, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7341-9529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Villadangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics and Computer Engineering Department, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"469","article-title":"Wireless Technologies in the Railway: Train-to-Earth Wireless Communications","volume":"Chapter 18","author":"Salaberria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wireless Communications and Networks\u2014Recent Advances"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pareit, D., Gheysens, N., van Leeuwen, T., Moerman, I., van Brussel, W., Torfs, W., de Cleyn, P., and Blondia, C. 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