{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:43:51Z","timestamp":1768833831216,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]],"date-time":"2014-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study uses the Joule heating effect-generated temperature difference to monitor in real-time and localize both compressive and tensile strains for the polymer substrates used in the roll-to-roll process. A serpentine gold (Au) line was patterned on a polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN) substrate to form the strain sensor based on thermoresistive behavior. This strain sensor was then subjected to either current or voltage to induce the Joule heating effect on the Au resistor. An infrared (IR) detector was used to monitor the strain-induced temperature difference on the Au and PEN surfaces and the minimal detectable bending radius was 0.9 mm with a gauge factor (GF) of 1.46. The proposed design eliminates the judgment ambiguity from conventional resistive strain sensors where resistance is the only physical quantity monitored. This study precisely and successfully indicated the local strain quantitatively and qualitatively with complete simulations  and measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]],"date-time":"2014-05-05T11:53:53Z","timestamp":1399290833000},"page":"8082-8095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Thermoresistive Strain Sensor and Positioning Method for  Roll-to-Roll Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kuan-Hsun","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101,  Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yao","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101,  Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101,  Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.03.026","article-title":"Zero power consumption visual curvature sensor by flexible interferometer","volume":"169","author":"Lo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(00)00494-5","article-title":"Simple strain sensor using a thin film as a low-finesse fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer","volume":"88","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02326072","article-title":"Moir\u00e9 interferometry: Advances and applications","volume":"31","author":"Post","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/11\/1\/305","article-title":"In-plane deformation measurement using the atomic force microscope Moir\u00e9 method","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2006.12.130","article-title":"Determination of three-dimensional interfacial strain\u2014A novel method of probing interface structure with X-ray Bragg-surface diffraction","volume":"515","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2010.2069090","article-title":"Inscription of polymer optical fiber bragg grating at 962 nm and its potential in strain sensing","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-013-1849-1","article-title":"A position measurement system for precision alignment of roll-to-roll printing and sensitivity analysis of thermal deformation","volume":"19","author":"Seo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microsyst Technol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1063\/1.322293","article-title":"Surface acoustic waves in strained media","volume":"47","author":"Nalamwar","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2009.05.030","article-title":"X-ray microbeam strain investigation on Cu\u2013MEMS structures","volume":"87","author":"Perroud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microelectron Eng"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, A.W.F., Li, S.Y., Hu, N., Ning, H.M., Liu, Y.L., Wu, L.K., Atobe, S., and Fukunaga, H. (2013). Ultrasensitive strain sensors of multiwalled carbon nanotube\/epoxy nanocomposite using dielectric loss tangent. Appl. Phys. Lett., 103.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4833756"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2039565","article-title":"Thin polysilicon gauge for strain measurement of structural elements","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.10.026","article-title":"Conductive knitted fabric as large-strain gauge under high temperature","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2002.803277","article-title":"Measurements of material properties using differential capacitive strain sensors","volume":"11","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2013.2245402","article-title":"Mutual capacitive flexible tactile sensor for 3-D image control","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2006.886876","article-title":"A novel inverse magnetostrictive force sensor","volume":"7","author":"Baudendistel","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1483123","article-title":"Highly sensitive strain sensors based on magnetic tunneling junctions","volume":"81","author":"Duenas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.10.012","article-title":"Investigation on sensitivity of a polymer\/carbon nanotube composite strain sensor","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen, M., Heckmann, U., Bandorf, R., Gwozdz, V., Schnabel, S., Br\u00e4uer, G., and Klages, C.-P. (2011). Me-DLC films as material for highly sensitive temperature compensated strain gauges. Diam. Relat. Mater., 814\u2013818.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2011.03.036"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.08.034","article-title":"Laser synthesized gold nanoparticles for high sensitive strain gauges","volume":"203","author":"Burzhuev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2013.09.005","article-title":"Electromechanical strain sensing using polycarbonate-impregnated carbon nanotube-graphene nanoplatelet hybrid composite sheets","volume":"89","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2012.03.005","article-title":"Advanced taper tension method for the performance improvement of a roll-to-roll printing production line with a winding process","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2011.03.011","article-title":"Bending characteristics of ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) capacitors fabricated on flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrate","volume":"11","author":"Yoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-005-0229-8","article-title":"Thermal behavior of silver nanoparticles for low-temperature interconnect applications","volume":"34","author":"Moon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electron Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1147638","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of thin metallic films measured by photothermal profile analysis","volume":"68","author":"Langer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1002\/app.11644","article-title":"Shrinkage behavior after the heat setting of biaxially stretched poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) films and bottles","volume":"87","author":"Schoukens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Gere, J.M., and Timoshenko, S.P. (1997). Mechanics of Materials, PWS PublishingCompany."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Incropera, F.P., Dewitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L., and Lavine, A.S. (2007). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Faghri, A., Zhang, Y., and Howell, J. (2010). Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer, Global Digital Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(79)90271-2","article-title":"The hardness and ductility of sputtered gold films","volume":"58","author":"Augis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2008.08.048","article-title":"Measurement of young's modulus and poisson's ratio for thin Au films using a visual image tracing system","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1021\/la0269199","article-title":"New strategy for preparing thin gold films on modified glass surfaces by electroless deposition","volume":"19","author":"Hrapovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6028(92)90188-C","article-title":"Vacuum-deposited gold films I. Factors affecting the film morphology","volume":"264","author":"Golan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078933","article-title":"A reversibly switching surface","volume":"299","author":"Lahann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2007.03.005","article-title":"Effects of different electroplated gate electrodes on electrical performances of flexible organic thin film transistor and flexibility improvement","volume":"8","author":"Seol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Org. Electron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/5\/8082\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:02Z","timestamp":1760217062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/5\/8082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s140508082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140508082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]]}}}