{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:27:19Z","timestamp":1760243239856,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]],"date-time":"2014-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a design and implementation of a base station, capable of positioning sensor nodes using an optical scheme. The base station consists of a pulse laser module, optical detectors and beam splitter, which are mounted on a rotation-stage, and a Time to Digital Converter (TDC). The optical pulse signal transmitted to the sensor node with a Corner Cube Retro-reflector (CCR) is reflected to the base station, and the Time of Flight (ToF) data can be obtained from the two detectors. With the angle and flight time data, the position of the sensor node can be calculated. The performance of the system is evaluated by using a commercial CCR. The sensor nodes are placed at different angles from the base station and scanned using the laser. We analyze the node position error caused by the rotation and propose error compensation methods, namely the outlier sample exception and decreasing the confidence factor steadily using the recursive least square (RLS) methods. Based on the commercial CCR results, the MEMS CCR is also tested to demonstrate the compatibility between the base station and the proposed methods. The result shows that the localization performance of the system can be enhanced with the proposed compensation method using the MEMS CCR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]],"date-time":"2014-05-08T11:45:35Z","timestamp":1399549535000},"page":"8313-8329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Design of a Base Station for MEMS CCR Localization in an Optical Sensor Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chan","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering\/IAAT, Seoul National University,  Seoul 151-741, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering\/ASRI, Seoul National University,  Seoul 151-741, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyoun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyundai Mobis, 17-2, Mabuk-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-505, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ground Sensors. 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Space Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/12\/2\/009","article-title":"The use of Laser Ranging to Measure Space Debris","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"45","article-title":"Localization Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks: Current Approaches and Future Challenges","volume":"2","author":"Pal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Netw. Protoc. Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Kim, J., Yoo, Y., Jang, W., and Park, C. (2010, January 27\u201328). Measurement of Position Error in the Sensor Node Localization Scheme Using Optical Signals. Chuncheon, South Korea."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, D. (2006). Optimal Estimation, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470045345"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/5\/8313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:11Z","timestamp":1760217071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/5\/8313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s140508313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140508313","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]]}}}