{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:27:33Z","timestamp":1760243253290,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an approach for measuring the azimuth angle and tilt angle of underground drilling tools with a MEMS three-axis accelerometer and a three-axis fluxgate sensor. A mathematical model of well logging attitude angle is deduced based on combining space coordinate transformations and algebraic equations. In addition, a system implementation plan of the inclinometer is given in this paper, which features low cost, small volume and integration. Aiming at the sensor and assembly errors, this paper analyses the sources of errors, and establishes two mathematical models of errors and calculates related parameters to achieve sensor calibration. The results show that this scheme can obtain a stable and high precision azimuth angle and tilt angle of drilling tools, with the deviation of the former less than \u00b11.4\u00b0 and the deviation of the latter less than \u00b10.1\u00b0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140509256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T12:46:27Z","timestamp":1400849187000},"page":"9256-9270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Measuring System for Well Logging Attitude and a  Method of Sensor Calibration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mijian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Dynamic solution approach to inclination and azimuth of the strap-down rotary steerable system","volume":"36","author":"Xue","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"489","article-title":"Digital magnetic compass based on ellipse matching error compensation algorithm","volume":"39","author":"Qing","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Jilin Univ. Eng. Technol. Ed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.03.005","article-title":"Synchronous correction of two three-axis magnetometers using FLANN","volume":"179","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"176","article-title":"Geomagnetic sensor error compensation method based one llipsoid assumption","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Technol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J.Y., Zhang, C.X., and Cai, Q.Z. (2014). An accurate calibration method of accelerometer nonlinear scale factor on a low-cost three-axis turntable. Meas. Sci. 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