{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:15:31Z","timestamp":1769120131267,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,30]],"date-time":"2014-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The acceptance and usability of context-aware systems have given them the edge of wide use in various domains and has also attracted the attention of researchers in the area of context-aware computing. Making user context information available to such systems is the center of attention. However, there is very little emphasis given to the process of context representation and context fusion which are integral parts of context-aware systems. Context representation and fusion facilitate in recognizing the dependency\/relationship of one data source on another to extract a better understanding of user context. The problem is more critical when data is emerging from heterogeneous sources of diverse nature like sensors, user profiles, and social interactions and also at different timestamps. Both the processes of context representation and fusion are followed in one way or another; however, they are not discussed explicitly for the realization of context-aware systems. In other words most of the context-aware systems underestimate the importance context representation and fusion. This research has explicitly focused on the importance of both the processes of context representation and fusion and has streamlined their existence in the overall architecture of context-aware systems\u2019 design and development. Various applications of context representation and fusion in context-aware systems are also highlighted in this research. A detailed review on both the processes is provided in this research with their applications. Future research directions (challenges) are also highlighted which needs proper attention for the purpose of achieving the goal of realizing context-aware systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140609628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,30]],"date-time":"2014-05-30T12:00:34Z","timestamp":1401451234000},"page":"9628-9668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Context Representation and Fusion: Advancements  and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Asad","family":"Khattak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noman","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Aazam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taqdir","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Information and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si 443-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seokhee","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myunggwon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Intelligence Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon-si 305-806, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/329124.329126","article-title":"The computer for the 21st century","volume":"3","author":"Weiser","year":"1999","journal-title":"ACM Sigmobile Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAHUC.2007.014070","article-title":"A Survey on context-aware systems","volume":"2","author":"Baldauf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/65.313011","article-title":"Disseminating active map information to mobile hosts","volume":"8","author":"Schilit","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Net."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s007790170019","article-title":"Understanding and using context","volume":"5","author":"Dey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Context representation and reasoning in pervasive computing: A review","volume":"4","author":"Perttunen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimed. Ubiquitous Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11581","DOI":"10.3390\/s111211581","article-title":"Towards smart homes using low level sensory data","volume":"11","author":"Khattak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2011.51","article-title":"A knowledge-driven approach to activity recognition in smart homes","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, M.P., Gross, G., Bisantz, A.M., and Nagi, R. (2011, January 22\u201324). Towards context-aware hard\/soft information fusion: Incorporating situationally qualified human observations into a fusion process for intelligence analysis. Miami Beach, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/COGSIMA.2011.5753757"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1145\/128756.128759","article-title":"The active badge location system","volume":"10","author":"Want","year":"1992","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-003-0250-y","article-title":"An application of a context-aware file system","volume":"7","author":"Hess","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Covington, M.J., Fogla, P., Zhiyuan, Z., and Ahamad, M. (2002, January 9\u201313). A context-aware security architecture for emerging applications. Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, L., Finin, T., Joshi, A., Pan, R., Scott Cost, R., Peng, Y., Reddivari, P., Doshi, V., and Sachs, J. (2004, January 8\u201313). Swoogle: A search and metadata engine for the semantic web. Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1031171.1031289"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khattak, A.M., Ahmad, N., Mustafa, J., Pervez, Z., Latif, K., and Lee, S.Y. (2013, January 3\u20135). Context-aware Search in Dynamic Repositories of Digital Documents. Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSE.2013.59"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Intelligent healthcare service provisioning using ontology with low-level sensory data","volume":"5","author":"Khattak","year":"2011","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Int. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-013-0051-x","article-title":"Cloud-based Smart CDSS for chronic diseases","volume":"3","author":"Hussain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khattak, A.M., Pervez, Z., Han, M., Lee, S.Y., and Nugent, C. (2012, January 20\u201322). DDSS: Dynamic decision support system for elderly. Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2012.6266346"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12588","DOI":"10.3390\/s120912588","article-title":"Comprehensive context recognizer based on multimodal sensors in a smartphone","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hofer, T., Schwinger, W., Pichler, M., Leonhartsberger, G., and Altmann, J. (2013, January 6\u20139). Context-awareness on mobile devices-The hydrogen approach. Big Island, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Wang, F., and Turner, K.J. (2009). Ambient Assistive Health and Wellness Management in the Heart of the City, Springer."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"532","article-title":"Adaptive context-aware filter fusion for face recognition on bad illumination","volume":"4251","author":"Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Intell. Inf. Eng. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2010.06.004","article-title":"Information fusion for robust \u2018context and driver aware\u2019 active vehicle safety systems","volume":"12","author":"Sathyanarayana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.04.012","article-title":"Context-aware fusion: A case study on fusion of gait and face for human identification in video","volume":"43","author":"Geng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.14778\/1920841.1921030","article-title":"Caredb: A context and preference-aware location-based database system","volume":"3","author":"Levandoski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2002.993145","article-title":"Connecting the physical world with pervasive networks","volume":"1","author":"Estrin","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatima, I., Fahim, M., Guan, D., Lee, Y.K., and Lee, S.Y. (2011, January 21\u201323). Socially interactive CDSS for u-Life care. Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/1968613.1968725"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batool, R., Khattak, A.M., Maqbool, J., and Lee, S.Y. (2013, January 16\u201320). Precise tweet classification and sentiment analysis. Toki Messe, Niigata, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS.2013.6607883"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2051955","article-title":"A triaxial accelerometer-based physical activity recognition via augmented features and a hierarchical recognizer","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.1805","article-title":"Context-aware web search using dynamically weighted information fusion","volume":"25","author":"Nicole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40846-5_26","article-title":"Information fusion for context awareness in intelligent environments","volume":"8073","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hybrid Artif. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"96","article-title":"Healthcare information fusion using context-aware agents","volume":"6076","author":"Tapia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hybrid Artif. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohn, T., Li, K., Lee, G., Smith, I., Scott, J., and Griswold, W. (2005). Place-Its: A Study of Location-Based Reminders on Mobile Phones, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11551201_14"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Liu, Y.H., Wang, S.-Z., and Du, X.-M. (2008, January 12\u201315). A multi-agent information fusion model for ship collision avoidance. Kunming, China."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Wu, H., Siegel, M., and Ablay, S. (2002, January 21\u201323). Sensor fusion for context understanding. Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Wu, H., Siegel, M., Stiefelhagen, R., and Yang, L. (2002, January 21\u201323). Sensor fusion using Dempster-Shafer theory [for context-aware HCI]. Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"851","article-title":"Ontology evolution and challenges","volume":"29","author":"Khattak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.05.065","article-title":"Multimodal behavioural analysis for non-invasive stress detection, expert systems with applications","volume":"39","author":"Carneiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Novais, P., Carneiro, D., Gomes, M., and Neves, J. (2013). New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Springer."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxs019","article-title":"Context-adaptive coordination of pervasive services by interpreting models during runtime","volume":"56","author":"Serral","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Vara, J.D.L., Ali, R., Dalpiaz, F., S\u00e1nchez, J., and Giorgini, P. (2010). On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guesgen, H.W., and Marsland, S. (2013). Human Behavior Recognition Technologies: Intelligent Applications for Monitoring and Security, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-3682-8"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2192-1962-3-12","article-title":"Intelligent environments: A manifesto","volume":"3","author":"Augusto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Centric Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brachman, R.J., and Levesque, H.J. (2004). Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-155860932-7\/50099-6"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-012-0359-7","article-title":"EEM: Evolutionary ensembles model for activity recognition in smart homes","volume":"38","author":"Fahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, B., Seelye, A.M., Thomas, B.L., Cook, D.J., Holder, L.B., and Edgecombe, M.S. (2012, January 14\u201317). Using smart phones for context-aware prompting in smart environments. Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2012.6181023"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2012.02.001","article-title":"The Arden Syntax standard for clinical decision support: Experiences and directions","volume":"45","author":"Samwald","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Mun\u00f5z, M.A., Gonzalez, V.M., Rodriguez, M., and Vela, J.F. (2, January 28). Supporting context-aware collaboration in a hospital: An ethnographic informed design. Grenoble, France."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Henricksen, K., and Indulska, J. (2004, January 14\u201317). Modelling and using imperfect context information. Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Du, K., Zhang, D., Zhou, X., Mokhtari, M., Hariz, M., and Qin, W. (2008). Smart Homes and Health Telematics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"2232","article-title":"Web context classification based on information quality factors","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Univers. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Classification and Modeling of the Quality of Contextual Information. Available online: http:\/\/www.simondobson.org\/softcopy\/tcaas-qoc-06.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Yu, M., Zhou, M., Liu, X., and Zhao, T. (2011, January 19\u201324). Target-dependent Twitter Sentiment Classification. Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schilit, W.N., Adams, N.I., and Want, R. (1994, January 8\u20139). Context-aware computing applications. Santa Cruz, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WMCSA.1994.16"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/98.626984","article-title":"Context-Aware Applications: From the Laboratory to the Marketplace","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Sawhney, N., and Schmandt, C. (1998, January 19\u201320). Speaking and listening on the run: Design for wearable audio computing. Pittsburgh, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Schmidt, A., Gellersen, H.W., and Beigl, M. (1999, January 18\u201319). A wearable context-awareness component\u2014Finally a good reason to wear a tie. San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Schilit, W.N. (1995). Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.10.071","article-title":"Context-aware systems: A literature review and classification","volume":"36","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Architectural survey of context-aware systems in pervasive computing environment","volume":"3","author":"Miraoui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ubiquitous Comput. Commun. J."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Strang, T., and Linnhoff-Popien, C. (2004, January 7). A context modeling survey. Nottingham, UK."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Clarke, S., and Linehan, E. Supporting Context-Awareness: A Taxonomic Review. Available online: http:\/\/www.tara.tcd.ie\/handle\/2262\/39204."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Henricksen, K., Indulska, J., and Rakotonirainy, A. (2002). Pervasive Computing, Springer."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henricksen, K., and Indulska, J. (2004, January 14\u201317). A software engineering framework for context-aware pervasive computing. Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2004.1276847"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"544","article-title":"Predicate logic as programming language","volume":"74","author":"Kowalski","year":"1974","journal-title":"IFIP Congr."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Gray, P., and Salber, D. (2001). Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, Springer."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ertel, W. (2011). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-299-5"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Perich, F., Finin, T., and Joshi, A. (2004, January 22). SOUPA: Standard ontology for ubiquitous and pervasive applications. Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA439638"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Petersen, A.K., and Mikalsen, M. Context: Representation and Reasoning. Available Online: http:\/\/www.idi.ntnu.no\/~anderpe\/publications\/RIA-05-AKP-MM-paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Gu, T., and Pung, H.K. (2004, January 17\u201319). A middleware for building context-aware mobile services. Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"OWL Web Ontology Language Overview. Available online: http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl-features\/."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2003.07.001","article-title":"From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: The making of a web ontology language","volume":"1","author":"Horrocks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Web Semant. Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Nardi, D., and Ronald, J.B. (2003). Description Logic Handbook, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1145\/505372.505373","article-title":"Description logics of minimal knowledge and negation as failure","volume":"3","author":"Donini","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Log. (TOCL)"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Finin, T., and Joshi, A. (2004, January 14\u201317). Semantic Web in the Context Broker Architecture. Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA439483"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"28","article-title":"The semantic web","volume":"284","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Huifang, M., and Qing, H. (2009). Cloud Computing, Springer."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Amiri, K., Park, S., Tewari, R., and Padmanabhan, S. (2003, January 8). Scalable template-based query containment checking for web semantic caches. Bangalore, India."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1145\/1055959.1055969","article-title":"A context based storage system for mobile computing applications","volume":"9","author":"Khungar","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM J. Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Yamabe, T., Takagi, A., and Nakajima, T. (2005, January 17\u201319). Citron: A context information acquisition framework for personal devices. Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2009.06.002","article-title":"A survey of context modeling and reasoning techniques","volume":"6","author":"Bettini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Brickley, D., and Ramanathan, V.G. Resource Description Framework (RDF) Schema Specification 1.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2000\/CR-rdf-schema-20000327\/."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bracha, G., and Ungar, D. (2004, January 24\u201328). Mirrors: Design principles for meta-level facilities of object-oriented programming languages. Vancouver, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1028976.1029004"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardram, J.E. (2005). Pervasive Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420005332.ch3"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikalsen, M., Floch, J., Paspallis, N., Papadopoulos, G.A., and Ruiz, P.A. (2006, January 10\u201312). Putting context in context: The role and design of context management in a mobility and adaptation enabling middleware. Nara, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/1141277.1141444"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI16234_02","article-title":"A conceptual framework and a toolkit for supporting the rapid prototyping of context-aware applications","volume":"16","author":"Dey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castelli, G., Rosi, A., Mamei, M., and Zambonelli, F. (2007, January 19\u201323). A simple model and infrastructure for context-aware browsing of the world. White Plains, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2007.4"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810110061144","article-title":"Tiers of ontology and consistency constraints in geographical information systems","volume":"15","author":"Frank","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Henricksen, K., Livingstone, S., and Indulska, J. (2004, January 7). Towards a hybrid approach to context modeling, reasoning and interoperation. Nottingham, UK."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"224","article-title":"Information fusion for automotive applications\u2014An overview","volume":"12","author":"Stillera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"S\u00e1enz, F.T., Vela, M.V., Campuzano, F., Botia, J.A., and G\u00f3mez, A.F.S. (2012). A complex event processing approach to perceive the vehicular context. Inf. Fusion, in press."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16682","DOI":"10.3390\/s131216682","article-title":"Hierarchical recognition scheme for human facial expression recognition systems","volume":"13","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"179","article-title":"Ambient sensorization for the furtherance of sustainability","volume":"219","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ambient Intell. Softw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westeyn, T., Brashear, H., Atrash, A., and Starner, T. (2003, January 5\u20137). Georgia Tech gesture toolkit: Supporting experiments in gesture recognition. Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/958432.958452"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"SNOMEDCT Ontology. Available online: http:\/\/bioportal.bioontology.org\/ontologies\/SNOMEDCT."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"ICD-10 Ontology. Available online: https:\/\/dkm.fbk.eu\/index.php\/ICD-10_Ontology."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/5.554205","article-title":"An introduction to multisensor data fusion","volume":"85","author":"Hall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lillis, D., Toolan, F., Collier, R., and Dunnion, J. (2006, January 6\u201310). ProbFuse: A probabilistic approach to data fusion. Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1148170.1148197"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1049\/ecej:19970602","article-title":"Multisensor data fusion","volume":"9","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electron. Commun. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poslad, S. (2009). Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices Environments and Interaction, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470779446"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganta, S.R., and Acharya, R. (2008, January 16\u201320). Adaptive data anonymization against information fusion based privacy attacks on enterprise data. Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1145\/1363686.1363936"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabatabaei, H., Amir, S., Gluhak, A., and Tafazolli, R. (2013). A survey on smartphone-based systems for opportunistic user context recognition. ACM Comput. Surv., 45.","DOI":"10.1145\/2480741.2480744"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/9628\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:59Z","timestamp":1760217119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/9628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,30]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s140609628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140609628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,30]]}}}