{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T16:54:00Z","timestamp":1781542440700,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,6]],"date-time":"2014-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared with traditional conductive fillers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique advantages, i.e., excellent mechanical properties, high electrical conductivity and thermal stability. Nanocomposites as piezoresistive films provide an interesting approach for the realization of large area strain sensors with high sensitivity and low manufacturing costs. A polymer-based nanocomposite with carbon nanomaterials as conductive filler can be deposited on a flexible substrate of choice and this leads to mechanically flexible layers. Such sensors allow the strain measurement for both integral measurement on a certain surface and local measurement at a certain position depending on the sensor geometry. Strain sensors based on carbon nanostructures can overcome several limitations of conventional strain sensors, e.g., sensitivity, adjustable measurement range and integral measurement on big surfaces. The novel technology allows realizing strain sensors which can be easily integrated even as buried layers in material systems. In this review paper, we discuss the dependence of strain sensitivity on different experimental parameters such as composition of the carbon nanomaterial\/polymer layer, type of polymer, fabrication process and processing parameters. The insights about the relationship between film parameters and electromechanical properties can be used to improve the design and fabrication of CNT strain sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,6]],"date-time":"2014-06-06T10:37:33Z","timestamp":1402051053000},"page":"10042-10071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":285,"title":["Flexible Carbon Nanotube Films for High Performance  Strain Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Olfa","family":"Kanoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology,  09107 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology,  09107 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderahmane","family":"Benchirouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology,  09107 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulkadir","family":"Sanli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology,  09107 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trong","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology,  09107 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0952-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar","family":"Al-Hamry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology,  09107 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology,  09107 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology,  09107 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayda","family":"Bouhamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology,  09107 Chemnitz, Germany"},{"name":"Higher Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax w.3038, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulha, P., Boura, A., and Husak, M. (2010, January 23\u201325). Design and fabrication of piezoresistive strain-gauges for harsh environment applications. Granada, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE.2009.5222002"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/28\/285501","article-title":"High strain sensitivity controlled by the surface density of platinum nanoparticles","volume":"23","author":"Tanner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1021\/jp310077r","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based strain gauges fabricated by convective self assembly: Strain sensitivity and hysteresis with respect to nanoparticle sizes","volume":"117","author":"Sangeetha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.12.158","article-title":"Nanoparticle strain sensor","volume":"25","author":"Tanner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.11.004","article-title":"Highly sensitive and flexible strain sensors based on vertical zinc oxide nanowire arrays","volume":"205","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3010558","article-title":"Ultrahigh sensitive piezotronic strain sensors based on a ZnSnO3 nanowire\/microwire","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4826496","article-title":"Graphene\/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite strain sensor","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR04521H","article-title":"Scalable fabrication of high-performance and flexible graphene strain sensors","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12171","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr03379a","article-title":"A hierarchically structured graphene foam and its potential as a large-scale strain-gauge sensor","volume":"5","author":"Kuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/15\/3\/009","article-title":"A carbon nanotube strain sensor for structural health monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.36","article-title":"A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection","volume":"6","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2006.171","article-title":"Carbon nanotube\/polycarbonate composites as multifunctional strain sensors","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8101207","article-title":"Growth aspects of iron-filled carbon nanotubes obtained by catalytic chemical vapor deposition of ferrocene","volume":"113","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1021\/nl052171d","article-title":"Fabrication of single-walled carbon-nanotube-based pressure sensors","volume":"6","author":"Stampfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/354056a0","article-title":"Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon","volume":"354","author":"Iijima","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, V., and Gupta, A. (2011). Polymer\/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites, Carbon Nanotubes-Polymer Nanocomposites, Intech.","DOI":"10.5772\/18423"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2009.04.031","article-title":"A strategy for immobilisation of carbon nanotubes homogenised in room temperature ionic liquids on carbon electrodes","volume":"633","author":"Pauliukaite","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15872","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm12254a","article-title":"Methods for carbon nanotubes synthesis-review","volume":"21","author":"Prasek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5370.1744","article-title":"Carbon nanotube quantum resistors","volume":"280","author":"Frank","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/17755","article-title":"Aharonov\u2013Bohm oscillations in carbon nanotubes","volume":"397","author":"Bachtold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dresselhaus, M.S., Dresselhaus, G., and Eklund, P.C. (1996). Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes: Their Properties and Applications, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012221820-0\/50013-7"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5453.637","article-title":"Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load","volume":"287","author":"Yu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/364514a0","article-title":"Radial deformation of carbon nanotubes by van der Waals forces","volume":"364","author":"Ruoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5552","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.84.5552","article-title":"Tensile loading of ropes of single wall carbon nanotubes and their mechanical properties","volume":"84","author":"Yu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13874","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.60.13874","article-title":"Electro-mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/15\/11\/021","article-title":"Strain and pressure sensing using single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1420066","article-title":"Electromechanical properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes","volume":"590","author":"Zettl","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/35015519","article-title":"Reversible electromechanical characteristics of carbon nanotubes under local-probe manipulation","volume":"405","author":"Tombler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115010","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/11\/115010","article-title":"Electromechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube devices on micromachined cantilevers","volume":"22","author":"Jeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115428","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.82.115428","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes as piezoresistive microelectromechanical sensors: Theory and experiment","volume":"82","author":"Cullinan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.10.012","article-title":"Investigation on sensitivity of a polymer\/carbon nanotube composite strain sensor","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4811523","article-title":"Numerical investigation on the influence factors of the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes-filled composites","volume":"113","author":"Lamberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265704","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/26\/265704","article-title":"A numerical investigation on piezoresistive behaviour of carbon nanotube\/polymer composites: Mechnism and optimizing principle","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nancom.2011.02.004","article-title":"Electronic transport on carbon nanotube networks: A multiscale computational approach","volume":"2","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2010.08.003","article-title":"Health monitoring in continuous glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics: Tailored sensitivity and cyclic loading of CNT-based interphase sensors","volume":"70","author":"Rausch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.06.018","article-title":"A review and analysis of electrical percolation in carbon nanotube polymer composites","volume":"69","author":"Bauhofer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1021\/ma060733p","article-title":"Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes","volume":"39","author":"Moniruzzaman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1524\/teme.2013.0002","article-title":"Printable piezoresistive carbon nanotube-elastomer for pressure sensors","volume":"80","author":"Gerlach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tech. Mess."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2006.08.052","article-title":"Functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with poly(amidoamine) dendrimer for mediatorfree glucose biosensor","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Goldman, A.M., and Wolf, S.A. (1984). Percolation and Superconductivity, Plenum Press."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2010.05.008","article-title":"Effects of carboxyl radical on electrical resistance of multi-walled carbon nanotube filled silicone rubber composite under pressure","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215701","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/21\/215701","article-title":"Electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites with carbon nanotube fillers","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10691","DOI":"10.3390\/s111110691","article-title":"Piezoresistive strain sensors made from carbon nanotubes based polymer nanocomposites","volume":"11","author":"Alamusi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3226","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200800528","article-title":"High-conductivity polymer nanocomposites obtained by tailoring the characteristics of carbon nanotube fillers","volume":"18","author":"Grossiord","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2011.03.017","article-title":"Electrical and piezoresistive properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube\/polymer composite films aligned by an electric field","volume":"49","author":"Sosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.62.13104","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes, buckyballs, ropes, and a universal graphitic potential","volume":"62","author":"Girifalco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.1021\/nl203117h","article-title":"Carbon nanotube active-matrix backplanes for conformal electronics and sensors","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4095(200109)13:18<1384::AID-ADMA1384>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Functionalized carbon nanotubes for molecular hydrogen sensors","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6321","DOI":"10.1021\/jp067716m","article-title":"Palladium nanoparticles decorated single-walled carbon nanotube hydrogen sensor","volume":"111","author":"Mubeen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2007.11.051","article-title":"Mechanical properties of surface-functionalized SWCNT\/epoxy composites","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2006.02.038","article-title":"Small but strong: A review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube\u2013polymer composites","volume":"44","author":"Coleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.20058","article-title":"Big returns from small fibers: A review of polymer\/carbon nanotube composites","volume":"25","author":"Breuer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200500142","article-title":"Dispersions of surface modified carbon nanotubes in water-soluble and water-insoluble polymers","volume":"16","author":"Vaisman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072631","article-title":"Band Gap Fluorescence from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"297","author":"Bachilo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1021\/nl025924u","article-title":"High weight fraction surfactant solubilization of single-wall carbon nanotubes in water","volume":"3","author":"Islam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1021\/nl034524j","article-title":"Individually suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes in various surfactants","volume":"3","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1021\/nl034186m","article-title":"Silica coated single walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"3","author":"Whitsitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(02)00056-8","article-title":"Distribution and alignment of carbon nanotubes and nanofibrils in a polymer matrix","volume":"62","author":"Cooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9902","DOI":"10.1021\/ja047451u","article-title":"Small-angle neutron scattering from surfactant-assisted aqueous dispersions of carbon nanotubes","volume":"126","author":"Yurekli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-006-1599-z","article-title":"Bulk polymerized polystyrene in the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"285","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Coll. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(99)00263-4","article-title":"Study on poly(methylmethacrylate): Carbon nanotube composites","volume":"271","author":"Jia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMSC.0000016180.42896.0f","article-title":"Percolation threshold and morphology of composites of conducting carbon black\/polypropylene\/EVA","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9466","DOI":"10.1021\/ma020855r","article-title":"Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with polystyrene","volume":"35","author":"Hill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, L., Steiz, J., and Kanoun, O. (2010, January 27\u201330). Influence of processing parameters on properties of strain sensors based on carbon nanotube films. Amman, Jordanien.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSD.2010.5585513"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1021\/ma961096d","article-title":"Layer-by-layer deposition: A tool for polymer surface modification","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"4309","article-title":"Controlling bilayer composition and surface wettability of sequentially adsorbed multilayers of weak polyelectrolytes","volume":"30","author":"Dongsik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1021\/ma991645q","article-title":"pH-Dependent thickness behavior of sequentially adsorbed layers of weak polyelectrolytes","volume":"30","author":"Shiratori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1224","article-title":"Layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolytes","volume":"25","author":"Kolasinska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dipping versus spraying. Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1021\/la000075g","article-title":"Fabrication of microporous thin films from polyelectrolyte multilayers","volume":"16","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7812","DOI":"10.1021\/nn402733g","article-title":"Molecular layer deposition on carbon nanotubes","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200600061","article-title":"Inkjet printing of electrically conductive patterns of carbon nanotubes","volume":"2","author":"Mustonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095702","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/9\/095702","article-title":"Inkjet pring of single-walled carbon nanotubes and electrical characterization of the line pattern","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385701","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/38\/385701","article-title":"The influence of carbon nanotubes in inkjet printing of conductive polymer suspensions","volume":"20","author":"Denneulin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2009.05.034","article-title":"Aerosol-jet-printed, high-speed, flexible thin-film transistor made using single-walled carbon nanotube solution","volume":"87","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3043682","article-title":"All ink-jet-printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistor on a polyimide substrate with an ultrahigh operating frequency of over 5 GHz","volume":"93","author":"Vaillancourt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4388","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100966s","article-title":"Printed, sub-3V digital circuits on plastic from aqueous carbon nanotube inks","volume":"4","author":"Ha","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4332(03)00749-9","article-title":"Field emission characteristic of screen-printed carbon nanotube cathode","volume":"220","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085019","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/19\/8\/085019","article-title":"Patterning conductive PDMS nanocomposite in an elastomer using microcontact printing","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2009.2039541","article-title":"All-printed and roll-to-roll-printable13.56-MHz-operated 1-bit RF tag on plastic foils","volume":"57","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1021\/nl202765b","article-title":"Fully printed separated carbon nanotube thin film transistor circuits and its application in organic light emitting diode control","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1061","article-title":"Flexible ative-matrix displays and shift registers based on solution-processed organic transistors","volume":"3","author":"Gelinck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11103","DOI":"10.1021\/jp060693r","article-title":"Cobalt ultrathin film catalyzed ethanol chemical vapor deposition of single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"110","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802756u","article-title":"CMOS-analogous wafer-scale nanotube-on-insulator approach for submicrometer devices and integrated circuits using aligned nanotubes","volume":"9","author":"Ryu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200903238","article-title":"Improved density in aligned arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes by sequential chemical vapor deposition on quartz","volume":"22","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1021\/nn200198b","article-title":"Synthesis of high-density, large-diameter, and aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes by multiple-cycle growth methods","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058782","article-title":"Engineering carbon nanotubes and nanotube circuits using electrical breakdown","volume":"292","author":"Collins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1021\/nl048905o","article-title":"P-channel, n-channel thin film transistors and p-n diodes based on single wall carbon nanotube networks","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1021\/nn9002456","article-title":"Polymer\u2013assisted direct deposition of uniform carbon nanotube bundle networks for high performance transparent electrodes","volume":"3","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1009837","article-title":"Fabrication of highly conductive and transparent thin films from single-walled carbon nanotubes unsing a new non-ionic surfactant via spin coating","volume":"4","author":"Jo","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200902369","article-title":"Spin- and spray-deposited single-walled carbon-nanotube electrodes for organic solar cells","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200803551","article-title":"Ultra smooth, large-area, high-uniformity, conductive transparent single-walled-carbon-nanotube films for photovoltaics produced by ultrasonic spraying","volume":"21","author":"Tenent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Ghahremanpour, M., S\u00e4gebarth, J., Weis, D.G., and Sandmaier, H. (2008, January 7\u201310). Strain sensitive films with spray-coated carbon nanotubes. Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455301","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/45\/455301","article-title":"Microfabrication and characterization of spray-coated single-wall carbon nanotube film strain gauges","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101243","article-title":"Transparent, conductive carbon nanotube films","volume":"305","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2187945","article-title":"A method of printing carbon nanotube thin film","volume":"88","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/15\/3\/026","article-title":"Nanotube film based on single-wall carbon nanotubes for strain sensing","volume":"15","author":"Dharap","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.53.6209","article-title":"Critical concentration on percolating systems containing a high-aspect-ratio filler","volume":"53","author":"Celzard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1702682","article-title":"Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect between similar electrodes separated by a thin insulating film","volume":"34","author":"Simmons","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2008.02.030","article-title":"Tunneling effect in polymer\/carbon nanotube nanocomposite strain sensor","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.64.233401","article-title":"Transport phenomena in an anisotropically aligned single-wall carbon nanotube film","volume":"64","author":"Bae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2010.04.003","article-title":"Numerical investigation of mechanisms affecting the piezoresistive properties of CNT-doped polymers using multi-scale models","volume":"70","author":"Theodosiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"101","article-title":"Numerical simulations on piezoresistivity of CNT\/polymer based nanocomposites","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200306310","article-title":"Carbon nanotube film sensors","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652438","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/652438","article-title":"A review: Carbon nanotube-based piezoresistive strain sensors. Hindawi publishing corporation","volume":"2012","author":"Obitayo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/04\/045501","article-title":"Multiwalled carbon nanotube film for strain sensing","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1243\/03093247JSA535","article-title":"Strain sensing using a multiwalled carbon nanotube film","volume":"44","author":"Vemuru","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strain Anal."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Jung, D., Lee, K.H., Overzet, L.J., and Lee, G.S. (2012, January 20\u201323). A high sensitive strain sensor using a multi-walled carbon nanotube sheet. Birmingham, UK."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1021\/nl050254o","article-title":"Transparent and flexible carbon nanotube transistors","volume":"5","author":"Kaempgen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Dinh, T.N., Steitz, J., Bu, L., and Kanoun, O. (2009, January 26\u201330). Influence of the composition of MWCNTs layers on the properties of strain gauges. Genoa, Italy."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Dinh, T.N., Sowade, E., Arreba, A., Belau, R., Blaudeck, T., Baumann, R.R., and Kanoun, O. (2011). Performance of liquid-deposited multiwalled carbon nanotube films under strain. Print. Future Days, 109\u2013115."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-011-5804-1","article-title":"Effect of dispersion of MWCNTs on the static and dynamic mechanical behavior of epoxy matrix nanocomposites","volume":"47","author":"Papanicolaou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055705","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/05\/055705","article-title":"Strain-dependent electrical resistance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes\/polymer composite films","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998310393296","article-title":"A carbon nanotube\/polymer strain sensor with linear and anti-symmetric piezoresistivity","volume":"45","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.12.037","article-title":"Preparation, crystallization, electrical conductivity and thermal stability of syndiotactic polystyrene\/carbon nanotube composites","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1616976","article-title":"Homogeneous carbon nanotube\/polymer composites for electrical applications","volume":"83","author":"Ramasubramaniam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1021\/mz300145a","article-title":"Highly-tunable polymer\/carbon nanotubes systems: Preserving dispersion architecture in solid composites via rapid microfiltration","volume":"1","author":"Mechrez","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc38290c","article-title":"Highly conductive and stretchable polymer composites based on graphene\/MWCNT network","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X07079872","article-title":"Tailoring piezoresistive sensitivity of multilayer carbon nanotube composite strain sensors","volume":"19","author":"Loh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/2\/022","article-title":"Multifunctional layer-by-layer carbon nanotube\u2013polyelectrolyte thin films for strain and corrosion sensing","volume":"16","author":"Loh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2007.02.024","article-title":"Processing and modeling of conductive thermoplastic\/carbon nanotube films for strain sensing","volume":"39","author":"Pham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475503","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/47\/475503","article-title":"Direction sensitive bending sensors based on multi-wall carbon nanotube\/epoxy nanocomposites","volume":"19","author":"Wichmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245437","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.80.245437","article-title":"Piezoresistive response of epoxy composites with carbon nanoparticles under tensile load","volume":"80","author":"Wichmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.08.029","article-title":"Ultrasensitive strain sensors made from metal-coated carbon naofiller\/epoxy composites","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79830","DOI":"10.1117\/12.880938","article-title":"Carbon nanotube yarn sensors for structural health monitoring of composites","volume":"7983","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.3390\/s120303269","article-title":"Design and fabrication of single-walled carbon nanonet flexible strain sensors","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652919","DOI":"10.1117\/12.715826","article-title":"Passive wireless strain and ph sensing using carbon nanotube-gold nanocomposite thin films","volume":"6529","author":"Loh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/10042\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:12:14Z","timestamp":1760217134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/10042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,6]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s140610042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140610042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,6]]}}}