{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:25:03Z","timestamp":1776140703736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of rehabilitation systems in an ambient assisted living environment can provide a powerful and versatile tool for long-term stroke rehabilitation goals. This paper introduces a novel concept of a personalized cognitive rehabilitation system in a naturalistic setting. The proposed platform was developed within the CogWatch project, with the intent of fostering independence in activities of daily living in patients with apraxia and action disorganization syndrome. Technical usability was evaluated in a series of pilot experiments, which illustrate how this approach may help to retrain patients in activities of daily living. The first system prototype has been tested with 36 participants divided into three groups, providing an exploratory evaluation of the usability of this solution and its acceptability. The technical solutions used within the CogWatch project are targeted to meet both the end users\u2019 needs from the interaction and usability point of views and the clinical requirements associated with the use of such systems. The challenges behind the development of ambient assisted living systems for cognitive rehabilitation are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T11:59:22Z","timestamp":1402487962000},"page":"10213-10233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Preliminary Evaluation of a Personal Healthcare System Prototype for Cognitive eRehabilitation in a Living Assistance Domain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1611-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Pastorino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Supporting Technologies, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Fioravanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Supporting Technologies, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Arredondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Supporting Technologies, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cogollor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Calle de Jos\u00e9 Guti\u00e9rrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Calle de Jos\u00e9 Guti\u00e9rrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ferre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Calle de Jos\u00e9 Guti\u00e9rrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Bienkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich 80992, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Hermsd\u00f6rfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich 80992, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Fringi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, the University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, the University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mensah, G.A. (2004). The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)64004-7","article-title":"Apraxia: A review","volume":"164","author":"Petreska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.60.3.487","article-title":"Ecological implications of ideomotor apraxia: Evidence from physical activities of daily living","volume":"60","author":"Heilman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldenberg, G. (2013). Apraxia: The Cognitive Side of Motor Control, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199591510.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31815e6727","article-title":"Treatment of limb apraxia: Moving forward to improved action","volume":"87","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790802524214","article-title":"Comparing action disorganization syndrome and dual-task load on normal performance in everyday action tasks","volume":"15","author":"Morady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010143000093","article-title":"Efficacy of strategy training in left hemisphere stroke patients with apraxia: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Donkervoort","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wood, R.L., and Worthington, A.D. (2001). Neurobehavioural Disability and Social Handicap Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010500172277","article-title":"The use of memorised verbal scripts in the rehabilitation of action disorganisation syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Bickerton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"353","article-title":"The tool in the brain: Apraxia in ADL. Behavioral and neurological correlates of apraxia in daily living","volume":"5","author":"Bienkiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010042000204","article-title":"Assessment and therapy of complex activities of daily living in apraxia","volume":"11","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cappa, S.F., Benke, T., Clarke, S., Rossi, B., Stemmer, B., van Heugten, C.M., Gilhus, N.E., Barnes, M.P., and Brainin, M. (2010). European Handbook of Neurological Management, Wiley-Blackwell. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Giachritsis, C., and Randall, G. (September, January 31). CogWatch: Cognitive Rehabilitation for Apraxia and Action Disorganization Syndrome Patients. Lund, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermsd\u00f6rfer, J., Bienkiewicz, M., Cogollor, J.M., Russel, M., Jean-Baptiste, E., Parekh, M., and Hughes, C. (2013, January 21\u201326). CogWatch-Automated Assistance and Rehabilitation of Stroke-Induced Action Disorders in the Home Environment. Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39354-9_37"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastor-Sanz, L., Pastorino, M., Arredondo, M.T., Wulff, M., and Wing, A.M. (2012, January 14\u201316). Remote Monitoring of Post-Stroke Patients Suffering from Apraxia and Action Disorganisation Syndrome. Toledo, Spain.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34546-3_171"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Genet, N., Boerma, W., Kroneman, M., Hutchinson, A., and Saltman, R.B. (2013). Home Care Across Europe, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11435","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911435","article-title":"Enhancing Health Care Delivery through Ambient Intelligence Applications","volume":"12","author":"Kartakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.19240","article-title":"Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Recommendations for clinical practice","volume":"81","author":"Cicerone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.024","article-title":"Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002","volume":"86","author":"Cicerone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgopoulos, V.C., and Malandraki, G.A. (2005, January 1\u20134). A Fuzzy Cognitive Map Hierarchical Model for Differential Diagnosis of Dysarthrias and Apraxia of Speech. New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1616954"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albornoz, E.M., Vignolo, L.D., Martinez, C.E., and Milone, D.H. (2013, January 19\u201322). Genetic wrapper approach for automatic diagnosis of speech disorders related to Autism. Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/CINTI.2013.6705227"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2184769","article-title":"Towards a healthy human model of neural disorders of movement","volume":"20","author":"Poizner","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1406-22","article-title":"Poststroke upper extremity rehabilitation: A review of robotic systems and clinical results","volume":"14","author":"Brewer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Topics Stroke Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Paro Therapeutic Robot. Available online: http:\/\/www.parorobots.com."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, B., Seelye, A.M., Thomas, B.L., Cook, D.J., Holder, L.B., and Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2012, January 14\u201317). Using smart phones for context-aware prompting in smart environments. Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2012.6181023"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-2010-0499","article-title":"Personal digital assistants as cognitive aids for high school students with autism: Results of a community-based trial","volume":"32","author":"Gentry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Giraldo, C., Helal, S., and Mann, W. (, January September). mPCAA mobile patient care-giving assistant for Alzheimer patients. G\u00f6teborg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Helal, S., Giraldo, C., Kaddoura, Y., Lee, C., El Zabadani, H., and Mann, W. (2003, January 12\u201315). Smart phone based cognitive assistant. Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klinger, E., Kadri, A., Le Guiet, J.L., Coignard, P., Lac, N.D., Joseph, P.A., Sorita, E., Fuchs, P., Leroy, L., and Servant, F. (2013, January 26\u201329). AGATHE: A tool for personalized rehabilitation of cognitive functions. Philadelhia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVR.2013.6662123"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"113","article-title":"AGATHE: A tool for personalized rehabilitation of cognitive functions based on simulated activities of daily living","volume":"34","author":"Klinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innov. Res. BioMed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Lozano, J.-A., Gil-Gomez, J.-A., Alcaniz, M., Chirivella, J., and Ferri, J. (July, January 29). Activities of daily living in a virtual reality system for cognitive rehabilitation. Haifa, Israel."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.241","article-title":"Virtual reality in brain damage rehabilitation: Review","volume":"8","author":"Rose","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Intelligent Assistive Technology and Systems Lab. Available online: http:\/\/www.ot.utoronto.ca\/iatsl\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Cognitive Systems for Cognitive Assistants. Available online: http:\/\/www.cognitivesystems.org\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2003-18107","article-title":"Effectiveness of the ISAAC cognitive prosthetic system for improving rehabilitation outcomes with neurofunctional impairment","volume":"18","author":"Gorman","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Multimodal Immersive Motion Rehabilitation with Interactive Cognitive Systems. Available online: http:\/\/www.mimics.ethz.ch\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Projects. Available online: http:\/\/www.sms.hest.ethz.ch\/research\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Robots with Patients. Available online: http:\/\/goo.gl\/FMuuV3."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"iPAM (Robot) Stroke Intervention Trial (iSIT) for Arm Weakness. Available online: http:\/\/www.controlled-trials.com\/ISRCTN16472838."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Isaac. Available online: http:\/\/www.cosys.us\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Guide. Available online: http:\/\/www.guide-research.com\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Haptics Research: Tactile Feedback for Rehabilitation. Available online: http:\/\/haptics.grasp.upenn.edu\/index.php\/Research\/TactileFeedbackForRehabilitation."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Dementia Ambient Care: Multi-Sensing Monitoring for Intelligent Remote Management and Decision Support. Available online: http:\/\/www.demcare.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Contrast. Remote Control Cognitive Training. Available online: http:\/\/www.contrast-project.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2001.10132031","article-title":"The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Design of an Intelligent Cognitive Orthosis for People with Dementia","volume":"13","author":"Mihailidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Assist Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010903519652","article-title":"Scaffolding rehabilitation behaviour using a voice mediated assistive technology for cognition","volume":"20","author":"Moran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S36297","article-title":"Detection of activities of daily living impairment in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment using information and communication technology","volume":"7","author":"Sacco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Freedman, B., Shpunt, A., Machline, M., and Arieli, Y. (2010). Depth Mapping Using Projected Patterns. U.S. Patent 20100118123."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parekh, M., and Baber, C. (2010, January 6\u201310). Tool use as gesture: New challenges for maintenance and rehabilitation. Dundee, UK.","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/HCI2010.30"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"MetaWatch. Available online: http:\/\/www.metawatch.org\/."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1109\/89.817450","article-title":"A stochastic model of human-machine interaction for learning dialogue strategies","volume":"8","author":"Levin","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Nielsen, J. (2014). Usability Engineering, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2007, January 1). Medical Devices\u2014Application of Usability Engineering to Medical Devices\u2014IEC 62366:2007, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Nielsen, J., and Pernice, K. (2010). Eyetracking Web Usability, New Riders Press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, J., and Landauer, T.K. (1993, January 24\u201329). A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169166"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Measuring Usability. Available online: http:\/\/www.measuringusability.com\/."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"187","article-title":"AttrakDiff: A questionnaire to measure perceived hedonic and pragmatic quality","volume":"57","author":"Hassenzahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mensch Comput."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"NASA TLX: Task Load Index. Available online: http:\/\/humansystems.arc.nasa.gov\/groups\/TLX\/."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"System Usability Scale (SUS). Available online: http:\/\/www.usability.gov\/how-to-and-tools\/methods\/system-usability-scale.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/10213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:12:19Z","timestamp":1760217139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/10213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s140610213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140610213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]]}}}