{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:27:41Z","timestamp":1760243261269,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]],"date-time":"2014-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish government","award":["CTM2011-29691-C02-01","TIN2011-28435-C03-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTM2011-29691-C02-01","TIN2011-28435-C03-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The environment in livestock buildings must be controlled to ensure the health and welfare of both workers and animals, as well as to restrict the emission of pollutants to the atmosphere. Among the pollutants generated inside these premises, carbon dioxide (CO2) is of great interest in terms of animal welfare and ventilation control. The use of inexpensive sensors means that complete systems can be designed with a number of sensors located around the building. This paper describes a study of the suitability of multipoint simultaneous CO2 sensors operating in a wireless sensor network, which was found to operate satisfactorily under laboratory conditions and was found to be the best alternative for these applications. The sensors showed a highly linear response to CO2 concentrations, ranging from 500 to 5000 ppm. However, individual sensor response was found to differ, which made it necessary to calibrate each one separately. Sensor precision ranged between 80 and 110 ppm CO2, and sensor response to register a 95% change in concentration was estimated at around 5 min. These features mean this type of sensor network can be used to monitor animal welfare and also for environmental control in poorly ventilated livestock premises. According to the tests conducted in this study, a temporal drift may occur and therefore a regular calibration of sensors would be needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]],"date-time":"2014-06-13T11:12:51Z","timestamp":1402657971000},"page":"10479-10496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Suitability Evaluation of Multipoint Simultaneous CO2 Sampling Wireless Sensors for Livestock Buildings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Salvador","family":"Calvet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0558-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Campelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Applications of Advanced Information and Communications Technologies (ITACA), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Estell\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Perles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Applications of Advanced Information and Communications Technologies (ITACA), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Applications of Advanced Information and Communications Technologies (ITACA), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Applications of Advanced Information and Communications Technologies (ITACA), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.11067","article-title":"A version of pigs and domestic fowl to atmospheric ammonia","volume":"45","author":"Wathes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20030021","article-title":"Review of the effect of ammonia and dust concentrations on broiler performance","volume":"59","author":"Homidan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(02)00434-7","article-title":"Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) on terrestrial vegetation: A review","volume":"124","author":"Krupa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"unstructured":"(2007). IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).","key":"ref_4"},{"unstructured":"(2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).","key":"ref_5"},{"unstructured":"(2002). 4th Report of Working Group on Climatization of Animal Houses: Heat and Moisture Production at Animal and House Levels, Research Centre Bygholm, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences.","key":"ref_6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-8194.2004.01158.x","article-title":"Acute carbon dioxide exposure in healthy adults: Evaluation of a novel means of investigating the stress response","volume":"16","author":"Kaye","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(08)00204-6","article-title":"Sampling and measurement of ammonia at animal facilities","volume":"98","author":"Ni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2012.10.005","article-title":"Methods for measuring gas emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings: Developments over the last decade and perspectives for improvement","volume":"116","author":"Ogink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2012.11.004","article-title":"Measuring gas emissions from livestock buildings: A review on uncertainty analysis and error sources","volume":"116","author":"Calvet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"unstructured":"(2007). Council directive 2007\/43\/EC laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production. Off. J. Eur. Union, L182, 19\u201328.","key":"ref_11"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.1997.0283","article-title":"The development of robust methods for measuring concentrations and emission rates of gaseous and particulate air pollutants in livestock buildings","volume":"70","author":"Phillips","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"unstructured":"Van Ouwerkerk, E.N.J., and Pedersen, S. (September, January 29). Application of the carbon dioxide mass balance method to evaluate ventilation rates in livestock buildings. Milan, Italy.","key":"ref_13"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01037","article-title":"Characterization of gas emissions from a Mediterranean broiler farm","volume":"90","author":"Calvet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4995\/wrs.2011.802","article-title":"Characterization of the indoor environment and gas emissions in rabbit farms","volume":"19","author":"Calvet","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Rabbit Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669708417936","article-title":"Concentrations and emission rates of aerial ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide, dust and endotoxin in UK broiler and layer houses","volume":"38","author":"Wathes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.1997.0276","article-title":"A comparison of three balance methods for calculating ventilation rates in livestock buildings","volume":"70","author":"Pedersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dargie, W., and Poellabauer, C. (2010). Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice, John Wiley and Sons.","key":"ref_18","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470666388"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.3390\/s120303641","article-title":"Comparison of the characteristics of small commercial NDIR CO2 sensor models and development of a portable CO2 measurement device","volume":"12","author":"Yasuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohraby, K., Minoli, D., and Znati, T. (2007). Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology, Protocols, and Applications, John Wiley and Sons.","key":"ref_20","DOI":"10.1002\/047011276X"},{"unstructured":"Texas Instruments. CC1110F32 Low-Power SoC (System-on-Chip) with MCU, Memory, Sub-1 GHz RF Transceiver, and USB Controller. Available online: www.ti.com\/product\/cc1110f32.","key":"ref_21"},{"unstructured":"Sensirion. SHT11: Digital Humidity Sensor (RH&T). Available online: http:\/\/www.sensirion.com\/en\/products\/humidity-temperature\/humidity-sensor-sht11\/.","key":"ref_22"},{"unstructured":"(2006). Statistics\u2014Vocabulary and symbols\u2014Part 2: Applied Statistics, International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 3534-2:2006.","key":"ref_23"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2397-8","article-title":"Methane emission from naturally ventilated livestock buildings can be determined from gas concentration measurements","volume":"184","author":"Bjerg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2013.01.002","article-title":"Concentrations of airborne particulate matter, ammonia and carbon dioxide in large scale uninsulated loose housing cowsheds in Estonia","volume":"114","author":"Kaasik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.06.006","article-title":"Non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) measurement of carbon dioxide at 4.2 \u03bcm in a compact and optically efficient sensor","volume":"186","author":"Hodgkinsona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zosel, J., Oel\u00dfner, W., Decker, M., Gerlach, G., and Guth, U. (2011). The measurement of dissolved and gaseous carbon dioxide concentration. Meas. Sci. Technol., 22.","key":"ref_27","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/7\/072001"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/10479\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:12:26Z","timestamp":1760217146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/10479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s140610479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140610479","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]]}}}