{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T03:32:48Z","timestamp":1772335968068,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]],"date-time":"2014-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents simulation, analysis and implementation of morphology tuning of gold nano-island structures deposited by a novel convective assembly technique. The gold nano-islands were simulated using 3D Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) techniques to investigate the effect of morphological changes and adsorption of protein layers on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties. Gold nano-island structures were deposited on glass substrates by a novel and low-cost convective assembly process. The structure formed by an uncontrolled deposition method resulted in a  nano-cluster morphology, which was annealed at various temperatures to tune the optical absorbance properties by transforming the nano-clusters to a nano-island morphology by modifying the structural shape and interparticle separation distances. The dependence of the size and the interparticle separation distance of the nano-islands on the LSPR properties were analyzed in the simulation. The effect of adsorption of protein layer on the  nano-island structures was simulated and a relation between the thickness and the refractive index of the protein layer on the LSPR peak was presented. Further, the sensitivity of the gold nano-island integrated sensor against refractive index was computed and compared with the experimental results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]],"date-time":"2014-06-13T11:12:51Z","timestamp":1402657971000},"page":"10497-10513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Simulation and Implementation of a Morphology-Tuned  Gold Nano-Islands Integrated Plasmonic Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jayan","family":"Ozhikandathil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1769-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muthukumaran","family":"Packirisamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0701612","article-title":"Sensing Characteristics of NIR Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Gold Nanorings for Application as Ultrasensitive Biosensors","volume":"7","author":"Larsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10907","DOI":"10.3390\/s111110907","article-title":"Plasmonic Nanostructures for Nano-Scale Bio-Sensing","volume":"11","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6976","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0513459","article-title":"Label-Free Detection of Peptide Nucleic Acid-DNA Hybridization using Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Optical Biosensor","volume":"77","author":"Endo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.08.002","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors for Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Sanvicens","year":"2009","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.11.047","article-title":"A Rapid Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor Immunoassay for Screening of Somatotropins in Injection Preparations","volume":"586","author":"Heutmekers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13806","DOI":"10.1021\/ja905134d","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle Based Label-Free SERS Probe for Ultrasensitive and Selective Detection of Trinitrotoluene","volume":"131","author":"Dasary","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1021\/ac7017348","article-title":"Label-Free Plasmonic Detection of Biomolecular Binding by a Single Gold Nanorod","volume":"80","author":"Nusz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1039\/C1AN15875A","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticle Based Label-Free Colorimetric Immunosensor for Rapid Detection of Neurogenin 1","volume":"137","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10421","DOI":"10.1021\/la202364c","article-title":"Label-Free Optical Characterization Methods for Detecting Amine Silanization Driven Gold Nanoparticle Self-Assembly","volume":"27","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40063d","article-title":"Nanomaterials and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies","volume":"12","author":"Miserere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5370","DOI":"10.1021\/ac049741z","article-title":"Label-Free Biosensing by Surface Plasmon Resonance of Nanoparticles on Glass: Optimization of Nanoparticle Size","volume":"76","author":"Nath","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szunerits, S., Praig, V.G., Manesse, M., and Boukherroub, R. (2008). Gold Island Films on Indium Tin Oxide for Localized Surface Plasmon Sensing. Nanotechnology.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/19\/195712"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.1021\/jp036261n","article-title":"Nanoscale Optical Biosensor: Short Range Distance Dependence of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance of Noble Metal Nanoparticles","volume":"108","author":"Haes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2005.06.039","article-title":"Towards Advanced Chemical and Biological Nanosensors\u2014An Overview","volume":"67","author":"Yonzon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200500103","article-title":"Sensitivity of Transmission Surface Plasmon Resonance (T-SPR) Spectroscopy: Self-Assembled Multilayers on Evaporated Gold Island Films","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem.-Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.000899","article-title":"Enhanced Localized Plasmonic Detections using Partially-Embedded Gold Nanoparticles and Ellipsometric Measurements","volume":"3","author":"Moirangthem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0486621","article-title":"Rapid Deposition of Gold Nanoparticle Films with Controlled Thickness and Structure by Convective Assembly","volume":"17","author":"Prevo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1039\/B716295M","article-title":"In-situ Synthesis of Poly(Dimethylsiloxane)\u2013gold Nanoparticles Composite Films and its Application in Microfluidic Systems","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozhikandathil, J., Badilescu, S., and Packirisamy, M. (2011). Synthesis and Characterization of Silver-PDMS Nanocomposite for the Biosensing Applications. Proc. SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.905622"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03215000","article-title":"Synthesis of Gold-Poly (Dimethylsiloxane) Nanocomposite through a Polymer-Mediated silver\/gold Galvanic Replacement Reaction","volume":"43","author":"Devi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gold Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozhikandathil, J., Badilescu, S., and Packirisamy, M. (2012). Gold Nanoisland Structures Integrated in a Lab-on-a-Chip for Plasmonic Detection of Bovine Growth Hormone. J. Biomed. Opt., 17.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.7.077001"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1039\/b711486a","article-title":"Modelling the Optical Response of Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"37","author":"Myroshnychenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-013-9623-x","article-title":"Dichroic Optical Properties of Uniaxially Oriented Gold Nanorods in Polymer Films","volume":"9","author":"Stoenescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreibig, U., and Vollmer, M. (1995). Optical Properties of Metal Clusters, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-09109-8"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18243","DOI":"10.1021\/jp063879z","article-title":"Plasmon Coupling in Nanorod Assemblies: Optical Absorption, Discrete Dipole Approximation Simulation, and Exciton-Coupling Model","volume":"110","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1966.1138693","article-title":"Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems Involving Maxwell's Equations in Isotropic Media","volume":"14","author":"Yee","year":"1966","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4843","DOI":"10.1063\/1.355770","article-title":"Electromagnetic Theory on a Lattice","volume":"75","author":"Chew","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/jcph.1994.1159","article-title":"A Perfectly Matched Layer for the Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves","volume":"114","author":"Berenger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/01442350050034180","article-title":"Shape and Size Dependence of Radiative, Non-Radiative and Photothermal Properties of Gold Nanocrystals","volume":"19","author":"Link","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1021\/la800305j","article-title":"Shape- and Size-Dependent Refractive Index Sensitivity of Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2010.01.062","article-title":"Plasmonic Coupling in Noble Metal Nanostructures","volume":"487","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4954","DOI":"10.1021\/jp7120356","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Coupling and its Universal Size Scaling in Metal Nanostructures of Complex Geometry: Elongated Particle Pairs and Nanosphere Trimers","volume":"112","author":"Jain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.103.030072","article-title":"The Density and Refractive Index of Adsorbing Protein Layers","volume":"87","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1039\/df9511100055","article-title":"A Study of the Nucleation and Growth Processes in the Synthesis of Colloidal Gold","volume":"11","author":"Turkevich","year":"1951","journal-title":"Discuss. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9213","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.009213","article-title":"Local Refractive Index Sensitivity of Plasmonic Nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Piliarik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozhikandathil, J., and Packirisamy, M. (2012). Nano-Islands Integrated Evanescence-Based Lab-on-a-Chip on Silica-on-Silicon and Polydimethylsiloxane Hybrid Platform for Detection of Recombinant Growth Hormone. Biomicrofluidics, doi: org\/10.1063\/1.4757968.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4757968"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/10497\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:12:26Z","timestamp":1760217146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/10497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s140610497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140610497","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]]}}}