{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:27:44Z","timestamp":1760243264685,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,23]],"date-time":"2014-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the field of ambient assisted living, the best results are achieved with systems that are less intrusive and more intelligent, that can easily integrate both formal and informal caregivers and that can easily adapt to the changes in the situation of the elderly or disabled person. This paper presents a graph-based representation for context information and a simple and intuitive method for situation recognition. Both the input and the results are easy to visualize, understand and use. Experiments have been performed on several AAL-specific scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140611110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]],"date-time":"2014-06-24T02:39:58Z","timestamp":1403577598000},"page":"11110-11134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Context Graphs as an Efficient and User-Friendly Method of Describing and Recognizing a Situation in AAL"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrei","family":"Olaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adina","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kleinberger, T., Becker, M., Ras, E., Holzinger, A., and M\u00fcller, P. (2007). Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Ambient Interaction, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Intelligent technology for an aging population: The use of AI to assist elders with cognitive impairment","volume":"26","author":"Pollack","year":"2005","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ducatel, K., Bogdanowicz, M., Scapolo, F., Leijten, J., and Burgelman, J. (2001). Scenarios for Ambient Intelligence in 2010, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"78","article-title":"The computer for the 21st century","volume":"272","author":"Weiser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/98.943998","article-title":"Pervasive computing: Vision and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Satyanarayanan","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., De Florio, V., Gui, N., and Blondia, C. (2009, January 27\u201329). Promises and challenges of ambient assisted living systems. Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNG.2009.169"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-012-0408-9","article-title":"A Context-Aware Multi-Agent System as a Middleware for Ambient Intelligence","volume":"18","author":"Olaru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rner, N., Negru, V., Ida, T., Jebelean, T., Petcu, D., Watt, S., and Zaharie, D. (2013, January 23\u201326). Context Matching for Ambient Intelligence Applications. Timisoara, Romania. IEEE CPS."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2009.04.001","article-title":"Ambient intelligence: Technologies, applications, and opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augusto, J., Nakashima, H., and Aghajan, H. (2010). Handbook of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-93808-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-009-0006-2","article-title":"Agents and ambient intelligence: Case studies","volume":"1","author":"Tapia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Human. Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2008.19","article-title":"Ambient Intelligence\u2014The Next Step for Artificial Intelligence","volume":"23","author":"Ramos","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-2010-0076","article-title":"Exploring the responsibilities of single-inhabitant Smart Homes with Use Cases","volume":"2","author":"Lyons","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ikonen, V., and Kaasinen, E. (2008). Assisted Living Systems-Models, Architectures and Engineering Approaches, Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/1978802.1978815","article-title":"Ambient intelligence: A survey","volume":"43","author":"Sadri","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzinger, A., Searle, G., Pruckner, S., Steinbach-Nordmann, S., Kleinberger, T., Hirt, E., and Temnitzer, J. (2010, January 22\u201325). Perceived usefulness among elderly people: Experiences and lessons learned during the evaluation of a wrist device. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.PERVASIVEHEALTH2010.8912"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Klein, M., Schmidt, A., and Lauer, R. (2007, January 10\u201313). Ontology-centred design of an ambient middleware for assisted living: The case of SOPRANO. Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101629","article-title":"A Smart Kitchen for Ambient Assisted Living","volume":"14","author":"Blasco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"414","article-title":"Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey","volume":"13","author":"Perera","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAHUC.2007.014070","article-title":"A survey on context-aware systems","volume":"2","author":"Baldauf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI16234_11","article-title":"An infrastructure approach to context-aware computing","volume":"16","author":"Hong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013767926256","article-title":"The anatomy of a context-aware application","volume":"8","author":"Harter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranganathan, A., and Campbell, R. (2003, January 16\u201320). A middleware for context-aware agents in ubiquitous computing environments. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44892-6_8"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30075-5_41","article-title":"Towards context-aware data management for ambient intelligence","volume":"Volume 3180","author":"Galindo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ferber, J. (1999). Multi-agent Systems: An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2004.61","article-title":"Creating an ambient-intelligence environment using embedded agents","volume":"19","author":"Hagras","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Cabri, G., Ferrari, L., Leonardi, L., and Zambonelli, F. (2005, January 13\u201315). The LAICA project: Supporting ambient intelligence via agents and ad-hoc middleware. Link\u00f6ping, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lech, T.C., and Wienhofen, L.W.M. (2005, January 25\u201329). AmbieAgents: A scalable infrastructure for mobile and context-aware information services. Utrecht, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/1082473.1082568"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Context Representation and Reasoning in Pervasive Computing: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Perttunen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimed. Ubiquitous Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1145\/1361348.1361353","article-title":"A data-oriented survey of context models","volume":"36","author":"Bolchini","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM SIGMOD Record"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2009.06.002","article-title":"A survey of context modelling and reasoning techniques","volume":"6","author":"Bettini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2298\/CSIS0701001A","article-title":"Ambient intelligence: Concepts and applications","volume":"4","author":"Augusto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst. (ComSIS)"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-010-0363-z","article-title":"Awareness marks: Adaptive services through user interactions with augmented objects","volume":"15","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2010.37","article-title":"Defeasible Contextual Reasoning with Arguments in Ambient Intelligence","volume":"22","author":"Bikakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Finin, T., and Joshi, A. (2005). The SOUPA ontology for pervasive computing. Ontol. Agents Theory Exp., 233\u2013258.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-7643-7361-X_10"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Schmidt, A. (November, January 29). Ontology-based user context management: The challenges of imperfection and time-dependence. Montpellier, France."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2008.25","article-title":"Encoding semantic awareness in resource-constrained devices","volume":"23","author":"Preuveneers","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Viterbo, J., Mazuel, L., Charif, Y., Endler, M., Sabouret, N., Breitman, K., El Fallah Seghrouchni, A., and Briot, J. (2008). CRC Studies in Informatics Series, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1997.0173","article-title":"Context-mediated behavior for intelligent agents","volume":"48","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1109\/48.972108","article-title":"A two-level, protocol-based approach to controlling autonomous oceanographic sampling networks","volume":"26","author":"Turner","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Miller, R., and Shanahan, M. (2002). Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artikis, A., Sergot, M., and Paliouras, G. (2010, January 25\u201329). A logic programming approach to activity recognition. Firenze, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1877937.1877941"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-6526(07)03005-2","article-title":"Conceptual graphs","volume":"3","author":"Sowa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Found. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Gutierrez, C., Hurtado, C., and Vaisman, A. (2005). The Semantic Web: Research and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Storf, H., Kleinberger, T., Becker, M., Schmitt, M., Bomarius, F., and Prueckner, S. (2009). Ambient Intelligence, Springer."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15434","DOI":"10.3390\/s131115434","article-title":"Process Mining for Individualized Behavior Modeling Using Wireless Tracking in Nursing Homes","volume":"13","author":"Benedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2010.148","article-title":"Discovering activities to recognize and track in a smart environment","volume":"23","author":"Rashidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2012.2216873","article-title":"Activity discovery and activity recognition: A new partnership","volume":"43","author":"Cook","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001404003228","article-title":"Thirty years of graph matching in pattern recognition","volume":"18","author":"Conte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1145\/362342.362367","article-title":"Algorithm 457: Finding all cliques of an undirected graph","volume":"16","author":"Bron","year":"1973","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960129501003577","article-title":"Constraint satisfaction algorithms for graph pattern matching","volume":"12","author":"Larrosa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Math. Struct. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.75","article-title":"A (sub) graph isomorphism algorithm for matching large graphs","volume":"26","author":"Cordella","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Kirsch-Pinheiro, M., Vanrompay, Y., and Berbers, Y. (2008, January 12). Context-aware service selection using graph matching. Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888913000234","article-title":"Visual reasoning with graph-based mechanisms: The good, the better and the best","volume":"28","author":"Chein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Knowl. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"AmIciTy@AIMAS http:\/\/aimas.cs.pub.ro\/amicity\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Ismail, A.A., and Florea, A.M. (2013). Ambient Intelligence-Software and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Ambient Intelligence Lab | erric.eu Available online: http:\/\/erric.eu\/ambient-intelligence-lab."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"ERRIC \u2013 Empowering Romanian Research on Intelligent Information Technologies. Available online: http:\/\/erric.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Osuntogun, A., Choudhury, T., Philipose, M., and Rehg, J.M. (2007, January 14\u201320). A scalable approach to activity recognition based on object use. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2007.4408865"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Holzinger, A., Searle, G., and Nischelwitzer, A. (2007). Universal Acess in Human Computer Interaction. Coping with Diversity, Springer."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"El Fallah Seghrouchni, A. (2008). Intelligence ambiante, les defis scientifiques, Colloque Intelligence Ambiante, Forum Atena. presentation."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2005.07.003","article-title":"Developing context-aware pervasive computing applications: Models and approach","volume":"2","author":"Henricksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s007790170019","article-title":"Understanding and using context","volume":"5","author":"Dey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74255-5_11","article-title":"Context modeling: Context as a dressing of a focus","volume":"4635","year":"2007","journal-title":"Model. Using Context"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"42","article-title":"Pervasive assistance in smart homes for people with intellectual disabilities: A case study on meal preparation","volume":"9","author":"Bauchet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Assist. Robot. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1109\/69.842269","article-title":"Efficient subgraph isomorphism detection: A decomposition approach","volume":"12","author":"Messmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40511-2_25","article-title":"On Graph Entropy Measures for Knowledge Discovery from Publication Network Data","volume":"Volume 8127","author":"Cuzzocrea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Availability, Reliability, and Security in Information Systems and HCI"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/11110\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:12:49Z","timestamp":1760217169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/6\/11110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,23]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s140611110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140611110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,23]]}}}