{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:48:27Z","timestamp":1768315707143,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]],"date-time":"2014-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The measurement of human respiratory signals is crucial in cyberbiological systems. A disordered breathing pattern can be the first symptom of different physiological, mechanical, or psychological dysfunctions. Therefore, a real-time monitoring of the respiration patterns, as well as respiration rate is a critical need in medical applications. There are several methods for respiration rate measurement. However, despite their accuracy, these methods are expensive and could not be integrated in a body sensor network. In this work, we present a real-time cloud-based platform for both monitoring the respiration rate and breath pattern classification, remotely. The proposed system is designed particularly for patients with breathing problems (e.g., respiratory complications after surgery) or sleep disorders. Our system includes calibrated accelerometer sensor, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and cloud-computing model. We also suggest a procedure to improve the accuracy of respiration rate for patients at rest positions. The overall error in the respiration rate calculation is obtained 0.53% considering SPR-BTA spirometer as the reference. Five types of respiration disorders, Bradapnea, Tachypnea, Cheyn-stokes, Kaussmal, and Biot\u2019s breathing are classified based on hierarchical Support Vector Machine (SVM) with seven different features. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed classification while it is individualized to every subject (case 1) as well as considering all subjects (case 2). Since the selection of kernel function is a key factor to decide SVM\u2019s performance, in this paper three different kernel functions are evaluated. The experiments are conducted with 11 subjects and the average accuracy of 94.52% for case 1 and the accuracy of 81.29% for case 2 are achieved based on Radial Basis Function (RBF). Finally, a performance evaluation has been done for normal and impaired subjects considering sensitivity, specificity and G-mean parameters of different kernel functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140611204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]],"date-time":"2014-06-25T02:49:43Z","timestamp":1403664583000},"page":"11204-11224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["A Medical Cloud-Based Platform for Respiration Rate Measurement and Hierarchical Classification of Breath Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Atena","family":"Fekr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street Montreal H3A 0E9, Canada"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Janidarmian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street Montreal H3A 0E9, Canada"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Radecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street Montreal H3A 0E9, Canada"}]},{"given":"Zeljko","family":"Zilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street Montreal H3A 0E9, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"The effects on the respiration and performance during exercise of adding oxygen to the inspired air","volume":"125","author":"Bannister","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. 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