{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:47:20Z","timestamp":1767905240925,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,21]],"date-time":"2014-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In modern power grids, the fast and reliable detection of power-line outages is an important functionality, which prevents cascading failures and facilitates an accurate state estimation to monitor the real-time conditions of the grids. However, most of the existing approaches for outage detection suffer from two drawbacks, namely: (i) high computational complexity; and (ii) relying on a centralized means of implementation. The high computational complexity limits the practical usage of outage detection only for the case of single-line or double-line outages. Meanwhile, the centralized means of implementation raises security and privacy issues. Considering these drawbacks, the present paper proposes a distributed framework, which carries out in-network information processing and only shares estimates on boundaries with the neighboring control areas. This novel framework relies on a convex-relaxed formulation of the line outage detection problem and leverages the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for its distributed solution. The proposed framework invokes a low computational complexity, requiring only linear and simple matrix-vector operations. We also extend this framework to incorporate the sparse property of the measurement matrix and employ the LSQRalgorithm to enable a warm start, which further accelerates the algorithm. Analysis and simulation tests validate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140713114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,21]],"date-time":"2014-07-21T11:43:19Z","timestamp":1405942999000},"page":"13114-13133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Distributed Power-Line Outage Detection Based on Wide Area Measurement System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, 34 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Zhan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, 34 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2010.2044815","article-title":"Synchronized phasor measurement applications in power systems","volume":"1","author":"Centeno","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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