{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:20:36Z","timestamp":1765887636856,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]],"date-time":"2014-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>More and more Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) have been developed and are in operation. Before integrating information on various GNSSs, the differences between the various systems must be studied first. This research focuses on analyzing the navigation data differences between the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the United States\u2019 Global Positioning System (GPS). In addition to explaining the impact caused by these two different coordinate and time systems, this research uses an actual open service signal in space (SIS) for both GPS and BDS to analyze their current system performance. Five data quality analysis (DQA) mechanisms are proposed in this research to validate both systems\u2019 SIS navigation data. These five DQAs evaluate the differences in ephemeris and almanac messages from both systems for stability and accuracy. After all of the DQAs, the different issues related to GPS and BDS satellite information are presented. Finally, based on these DQA results, this research provides suggested resolutions for the combined use of GPS and BDS for navigation  and guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140815182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]],"date-time":"2014-08-19T10:40:39Z","timestamp":1408444839000},"page":"15182-15202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Open Service Signal in Space Navigation Data Comparison  of the Global Positioning System and the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shau-Shiun","family":"Jan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An-Lin","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Wasle, E. (2008). GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite Systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and More, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GPS ICD (2013). Global Positioning Systems Directorate System Engineering & Integration Interface Specification IS-GPS-200G, Navstar GPS Space Segment\/Navigation User Interfaces."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"GLONASS ICD (2008). Global Navigation Satellite System GLONASS, Interface Control Document, Navigational Radio Signal in bands L1, L2, Russian Institute of Space Device Engineering. [5.1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"BDS ICD (2013). Space Interface Control Document. Open Service Signal, China Satellite Navigation Office. Version 2.0."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"189","article-title":"Parameters of the CGCS2000 Ellipsoid and Comparisons with GRS80 and WGS84","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Misra, P., and Enge, P. (2001). 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Global Positioning System: Theory and Application, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.3390\/s130302911","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Precise Orbit Determination of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.3390\/s100402995","article-title":"Implementation and Evaluation of the WADGPS System in the Taipei Flight Information Region","volume":"10","author":"Jan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/8\/15182\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:14:57Z","timestamp":1760217297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/8\/15182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s140815182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140815182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]]}}}