{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:28:51Z","timestamp":1760243331063,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]],"date-time":"2014-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MOTIE\/KEIT, Korea","award":["10041145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10041145"]}]},{"name":"NSF, USA","award":["CCF-095360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-095360"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a point-of-care (POC) setting, it is critically important to reliably count the number of specific cells in a blood sample. Software-based cell counting, which is far faster than manual counting, while much cheaper than hardware-based counting, has emerged as an attractive solution potentially applicable to mobile POC testing. However, the existing software-based algorithm based on the normalized cross-correlation (NCC) method is too time- and, thus, energy-consuming to be deployed for battery-powered mobile POC testing platforms. In this paper, we identify inefficiencies in the NCC-based algorithm and propose two synergistic optimization techniques that can considerably reduce the runtime and, thus, energy consumption of the original algorithm with negligible impact on counting accuracy. We demonstrate that an AndroidTM smart phone running the optimized algorithm consumes 11.5\u00d7 less runtime than the original algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140815244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]],"date-time":"2014-08-19T10:40:39Z","timestamp":1408444839000},"page":"15244-15261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimization of a Cell Counting Algorithm for Mobile Point-of-Care Testing Platforms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"DaeHan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Real-Time Cyber-Physical System Laboratory, Daegu Gyeoungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nam","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SangJun","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cybernetics Laboratory, Daegu Gyeoungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taejoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Real-Time Cyber-Physical System Laboratory, Daegu Gyeoungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Real-Time Cyber-Physical System Laboratory, Daegu Gyeoungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS Report on The Global AIDS Epidemic 2013. Availsble online: http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2013\/name,85053,en.asp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50535a","article-title":"A robust cell counting approach based on a normalized 2D cross-correlation scheme for in-line holographic images","volume":"13","author":"Ra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21409","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021409","article-title":"Enumeration of CD4+ T-cells using a portable microchip count platform in Tanzanian HIV infected patients","volume":"6","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902144w","article-title":"Microfluidic CD4+ T-Cell Counting Device Using Chemiluminescence-Based Detection","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20375","article-title":"A single platform image cytometer for resource-poor settings to monitor disease progression in HIV infection","volume":"71","author":"Ymeti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytom. Part A."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318270a1c2","article-title":"Validation of a simple and cost-effective test for enumeration of CD4 cells","volume":"61","author":"Vanjari","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-010-0067-z","article-title":"Point-of-care testing","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19990501)36:1<18::AID-CYTO3>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Artificial neural network-aided image analysis system for cell counting","volume":"36","author":"Sjostrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2012.03608.x","article-title":"Automatic cell counting in vivo in the larval nervous system of Drosophila","volume":"246","author":"Forero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2011.06.015","article-title":"Emerging technologies for point-of-care CD4 T-lymphocyte counting","volume":"30","author":"Boyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1039\/c0lc00556h","article-title":"A microfabricated electrical differential counter for the selective enumeration of CD4+ T lymphocytes","volume":"11","author":"Watkens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"The laser assisted optical rotational cell analyzer (LORCA) as red blood cell aggregometer","volume":"25","author":"Hardeman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(01)75740-2","article-title":"The optical stretcher: A novel laser tool to micro manipulate cells","volume":"81","author":"Guck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1039\/B612966H","article-title":"A microfluidic device for practical labelfree CD4+ T cell counting of HIV-infected subjects","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2179298","article-title":"Robust segmentation of overlapping cells in histopathology specimens using parallel seed detection and repulsive level set","volume":"59","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001233","article-title":"Point-of-care tests to strengthen health systems and save newborn lives: The case of syphilis","volume":"9","author":"Mabey","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006320","article-title":"Mobile phone based clinical microscopy for global health applications","volume":"4","author":"Breslauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc41408f","article-title":"Cost-effective and rapid blood analysis on a cell-phone","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020182","article-title":"A microchip CD4 counting method for HIV monitoring in resource-poor settings","volume":"2","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07987.x","article-title":"Scaled correlation analysis: A better way to compute a cross-correlation","volume":"35","author":"Nikolic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosic."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"614","article-title":"Correlational analysis","volume":"44","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/8\/15244\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:14:57Z","timestamp":1760217297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/8\/15244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s140815244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s140815244","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]]}}}