{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:05:37Z","timestamp":1787029537505,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]],"date-time":"2014-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We are proposing an adaptation of the gradient descent method to optimize the position and orientation of sensors for the sensor placement problem. The novelty of the proposed method lies in the combination of gradient descent optimization with a realistic model, which considers both the topography of the environment and a set of sensors with directional probabilistic sensing. The performance of this approach is compared with two other black box optimization methods over area coverage and processing time. Results show that our proposed method produces competitive results on smaller maps and superior results on larger maps, while requiring much less computation than the other optimization methods to which it has been compared.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140815525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]],"date-time":"2014-08-21T11:00:23Z","timestamp":1408618823000},"page":"15525-15552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Efficient Sensor Placement Optimization Using Gradient Descent and Probabilistic Coverage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Vahab","family":"Akbarzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de vision et syst\u00e8mes num\u00e9riques, D\u00e9partement de g\u00e9nie \u00e9lectrique et de g\u00e9nie informatique, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien-Charles","family":"L\u00e9vesque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de vision et syst\u00e8mes num\u00e9riques, D\u00e9partement de g\u00e9nie \u00e9lectrique et de g\u00e9nie informatique, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gagn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de vision et syst\u00e8mes num\u00e9riques, D\u00e9partement de g\u00e9nie \u00e9lectrique et de g\u00e9nie informatique, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Parizeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de vision et syst\u00e8mes num\u00e9riques, D\u00e9partement de g\u00e9nie \u00e9lectrique et de g\u00e9nie informatique, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.3390\/s140203506","article-title":"A Survey on Sensor Coverage and Visual Data Capturing\/Processing\/Transmission in Wireless Visual Sensor Networks","volume":"14","author":"Yap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"A Survey of Multi-Objective Deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"3","author":"Marks","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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