{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T03:57:13Z","timestamp":1779335833087,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents two PDMS photonic biosensor designs that can be used for continuous monitoring of glucose concentrations. The first design, the internally immobilized sensor, consists of a reactor chamber, micro-lenses and self-alignment structures for fiber optics positioning. This sensor design allows optical detection of glucose concentrations under continuous glucose flow conditions of 33 \u00b5L\/h based on internal co-immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOX) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the internal PDMS surface of the reactor chamber. For this design, two co-immobilization methods, the simple adsorption and the covalent binding (PEG) methods were tested. Experiments showed successful results when using the covalent binding (PEG) method, where glucose concentrations up to 5 mM with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99 and a limit of detection of 0.26 mM are detectable. The second design is a modified version of the internally immobilized sensor, where a microbead chamber and a beads filling channel are integrated into the sensor. This modification enabled external co-immobilization of enzymes covalently onto functionalized silica microbeads and allows binding a huge amount of HRP and GOX enzymes on the microbeads surfaces which increases the interaction area between immobilized enzymes and the analyte. This has a positive effect on the amount and rate of chemical reactions taking place inside the chamber. The sensor was tested under continuous glucose flow conditions and was found to be able to detect glucose concentrations up to 10 mM with R2 of 0.98 and a limit of detection of 0.7 mM. Such results are very promising for the application in photonic LOC systems used for  online analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s140915749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T11:58:03Z","timestamp":1408967883000},"page":"15749-15759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An In-Line Photonic Biosensor for Monitoring of  Glucose Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ala'aldeen","family":"Al-Halhouli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 8,  38106 Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"Mechatronics Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, 11180 Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Demming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 8,  38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Alahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 8,  38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreu","family":"LIobera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CentreNacional de Microelectr\u00f2nica (IMB-CNM, CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanus","family":"B\u00fcttgenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 8,  38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Development of on chip devices for life science applications","volume":"3","author":"Balck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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