{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:12:35Z","timestamp":1780330355566,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]],"date-time":"2014-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We demonstrate the ability of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) sensors to protect large areas from unauthorized activities in railway scenarios such as stations or tunnels. We report on the technological strategy adopted to protect a specific depot, representative of a common scenario for security applications in the railway environment. One of the concerns in the protection of a railway area centers on the presence of rail-tracks, which cannot be obstructed with physical barriers. We propose an integrated optical fiber system composed of FBG strain sensors that can detect human intrusion for protection of the perimeter combined with FBG accelerometer sensors for protection of rail-track access. Several trials were carried out in indoor and outdoor environments. The results demonstrate that FBG strain sensors bonded under a ribbed rubber mat enable the detection of intruder break-in via the pressure induced on the mat, whereas the FBG accelerometers installed under the rails enable the detection of intruders walking close to the railroad tracks via the acoustic surface waves generated by footsteps. Based on a single enabling technology, this integrated system represents a valuable intrusion detection system for railway security and could be integrated with other sensing functionalities in the railway field using fiber optic technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141018268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]],"date-time":"2014-09-29T11:16:45Z","timestamp":1411989405000},"page":"18268-18285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["An Intrusion Detection System for the Protection of Railway Assets Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Catalano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronic Division-Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Benevento 82100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronic Division-Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Benevento 82100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6355-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronic Division-Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Benevento 82100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Cutolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronic Division-Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Benevento 82100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronic Division-Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Corso Garibaldi 107, Benevento 82100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2011). Intrusion Detection Systems and Subsystems, Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Q., Rao, Y., and Zeng, D.H. (2008, January 7\u20139). A Fiber-optical Intrusion Alarm System Based on Quasi-distributed Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors. Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/APOS.2008.5226300"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.02.046","article-title":"A novel FBG-based security fence enabling to detect extremely weak intrusion signals from nonequivalent sensor nodes","volume":"167","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2004.1269684","article-title":"Fiber optic fence sensor developments","volume":"19","author":"Maki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allwood, G., Hinckley, S., and Wild, G. (2013, January 19\u201321). Optical Fiber Bragg grating based intrusion detection systems for homeland security. Galveston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2013.6493558"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Allwood, G.A., Wild, G., and Hinckley, S. (2011, January 2\u20134). Fibre optic acoustic sensing for intrusion detection systems. Gold Coast, Australia."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"455","article-title":"A Fiber Optic Seismic Sensor for Unattended Ground Sensing Applications","volume":"30","author":"Dorleus","year":"2009","journal-title":"ITEA J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2217371","article-title":"Vibration and sound signatures of human footsteps in buildings","volume":"120","author":"Ekimov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabatier, J.M., and Ekimov, A.E. (2008, January 12\u201313). A review of human signatures in urban environments using seismic and acoustic methods. Waltham, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/THS.2008.4534452"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2004.830950","article-title":"A Novel Application of a Microaccelerometer for Target Classification","volume":"4","author":"Lan","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"The Engineering Toolbox Available online: http:\/\/www.engineeringtoolbox.com\/young-modulus-d_417.html."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cusano, A., Laudati, A., Iele, A., Bruno, F.A., Parente, G., Giordano, M., Mazzino, N., and Bocchetti, G. (December, January 30). Smart Railways in Italy. 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IEEE"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/10\/18268\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:16:29Z","timestamp":1760217389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/10\/18268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s141018268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141018268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]]}}}