{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T22:57:13Z","timestamp":1773442633228,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]],"date-time":"2014-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IAP P7\/23, BESTCOM project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IAP P7\/23, BESTCOM project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel, fully-autonomous, wearable, wireless sensor network is presented, where each flexible textile node performs cooperative synchronous acquisition and distributed event detection. Computationally efficient situational-awareness algorithms are implemented on the low-power microcontroller present on each flexible node. The detected events are wirelessly transmitted to a base station, directly, as well as forwarded by other on-body nodes. For each node, a dual-polarized textile patch antenna serves as a platform for the flexible electronic circuitry. Therefore, the system is particularly suitable for comfortable and unobtrusive integration into garments. In the meantime, polarization diversity can be exploited to improve the reliability and energy-efficiency of the wireless transmission. Extensive experiments in realistic conditions have demonstrated that this new autonomous, body-centric, textile-antenna, wireless sensor network is able to correctly detect different operating conditions of a firefighter during an intervention. By relying on four network nodes integrated into the protective garment, this functionality is implemented locally, on the body, and in real time. In addition, the received sensor data are reliably transferred  to a central access point at the command post, for more detailed and more comprehensive real-time visualization. This information provides coordinators and commanders with situational awareness of the entire rescue operation. A statistical analysis of measured on-body node-to-node, as well as off-body person-to-person channels is included, confirming the reliability of the communication system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141018583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]],"date-time":"2014-10-09T10:20:20Z","timestamp":1412850020000},"page":"18583-18610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Synchronous Wearable Wireless Body Sensor Network Composed of Autonomous Textile Nodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Vanveerdeghem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Industrial System and Product Design (ISP), Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Van Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Technology and Construction (IT&C), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Christiaan","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial System and Product Design (ISP), Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Jos","family":"Knockaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial System and Product Design (ISP), Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8139-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Rogier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2013). Smart@Fire, a Groundbreaking European Project (FP7) to Encourage Companies and Researchers and Provide Them with Financial Means to Develop Innovative ICT Solutions that Better Protect Firefighters and Help Prevent Accidents, and to Integrate Them into Smart Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), IWT Belgium, the Flemish government agency for Innovation by Science and Technology."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2045003","article-title":"Smart garments for emergency operators: The ProeTEX project","volume":"14","author":"Curone","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2041168","article-title":"Wireless communication for firefighters using dual-polarized textile antennas integrated in their garment","volume":"58","author":"Vallozzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2008.2000546","article-title":"Dual polarized textile patch antenna for integration into protective garments","volume":"7","author":"Vallozzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanveerdeghem, P., Van Torre, P., Stevens, C., Knockaert, J., and Rogier, H. (2014). Dual-diversity wearable wireless node integrated on a dual-polarized textile patch antenna. Sci. Meas. Technol. IET, 8.","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-smt.2013.0224"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2245231","article-title":"HMM-Based human fall detection and prediction method using tri-axial accelerometer","volume":"13","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2041168","article-title":"Wireless communication for firefighters using dual-polarized textile antennas integrated in their garment","volume":"58","author":"Vallozzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"631","article-title":"Indoor off-body wirelessMIMOcommunicationwithdualpolarizedtextileantennas","volume":"59","author":"Vallozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEETrans. AntennasPropag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2196933","article-title":"On-Bodychannelmeasurementusingwirelesssensors","volume":"60","author":"Munoz","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEETrans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2148708","article-title":"A Wearable inertial sensor node for body motion analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7735","DOI":"10.3390\/s130607735","article-title":"Design of a wearable sensing system for human motion monitoring in physical rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Cagnoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14079","DOI":"10.3390\/s131014079","article-title":"A Wearable inertial measurement unit for long-term monitoring in the dependency care area","volume":"13","author":"Cabestany","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2232632","article-title":"Impact of body and clothing on a wearable textile dual band antenna at digital television and wireless communications bands","volume":"61","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2231917","article-title":"Dynamic channel modeling for multi-sensor body area networks","volume":"61","author":"Quitin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2221215","article-title":"A 1 V 5 mA multimode IEEE 802.15.6\/bluetooth low-energy WBAN transceiver for biotelemetry applications","volume":"48","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2221217","article-title":"A batteryless 19 \u03bcW MICS\/ISM-Band energy harvesting body sensor node SoC for ExG applications","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2012.2237178","article-title":"Wireless body area network node localization using small-scale spatial information","volume":"17","author":"Lo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2012.2235180","article-title":"Secure and lightweight network admission and transmission protocol for body sensor networks","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2012.133","article-title":"Coloring-Based inter-WBAN scheduling for mobile wireless body area networks","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6194389","article-title":"Challenges in body area networks for healthcare: The MAC","volume":"50","author":"Boulis","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2247051","article-title":"A smart wearable textile array system for biomedical telemetry applications","volume":"61","author":"Soh","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2227593","article-title":"Inertial sensor based indoor localization and monitoring system for emergency responders","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2012.2220374","article-title":"Position recognition to support bedsores prevention","volume":"17","author":"Barsocchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2222572","article-title":"Wireless medical-embedded systems: A review of signal-processing techniques for classification","volume":"13","author":"Ghasemzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2265887","article-title":"A comprehensive assessment of gait accelerometry signals in time, frequency and time-frequency domains","volume":"22","author":"Sejdic","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22352","article-title":"Walking stability using harmonic ratios in Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Lowry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2299772","article-title":"Gait parameter estimation from a miniaturized ear-worn sensor using singular spectrum analysis and longest common subsequence","volume":"61","author":"Jarchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2012.2215852","article-title":"Enabling effective programming and flexible management of efficient body sensor network applications","volume":"43","author":"Fortino","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2010). ADXL337 Datasheet, Analog Devices, Inc.. Technical Report; Analog Devices, One Technology Way."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2012). AN127: Flash Programming via the C2 Interface, Silicon Laboratories. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2012). ETSI EN 300 328 Harmonized European Standard, ETSI. Technical Report; European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Route des Lucioles."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2010). ADF7242 Datasheet, Analog Devices, Inc.. Technical Report; Analog Devices, One Technology Way."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2268251","article-title":"Accelerometry-Based gait analysis and its application to parkinson's disease assessment\u2014Part 2 : A new measure for quantifying walking behavior","volume":"21","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Torre, P., Vanveerdeghem, P., and Rogier, H. (2014, January 6\u201311). Correlated shadowing and fading characterization of MIMO off-body channels by means of multiple autonomous on-body nodes. Hague, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2014.6901894"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/10\/18583\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:16:43Z","timestamp":1760217403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/10\/18583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s141018583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141018583","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]]}}}