{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:05:39Z","timestamp":1762340739914,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]],"date-time":"2014-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The authors received financial support for the research, authorship and\/or publication of this article from the Michigan Johne's disease demonstration project","award":["USDA Cooperative Agreement 03-9626-0305-CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USDA Cooperative Agreement 03-9626-0305-CA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Johne\u2019s disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is an important gastrointestinal disease of cattle worldwide because of the economic losses encountered in JD-affected herds. These losses include reduction in milk yield in cows, premature culling and reduced carcass weight of culled diseased animals. In the U.S. dairy industry, economic losses from reduced productivity associated with JD are estimated to cost between $200 and $250 million annually. The development of non-laboratory-based assays would support more frequent testing of animals for JD and could improve its control. Conductometric biosensors combine immunomigration technology with electronic signal detection and have been adapted for the detection of IgG antibody against MAP. In the present study, a capture membrane with limited variability in the immunomigration channel and an optimal concentration of the secondary anti-bovine antibody used in a previously developed conductometric biosensor were compared with a commercially available antibody detection ELISA in their evaluation of JD, using samples of serum from cattle whose JD status where unknown. There was a moderate strength of agreement (kappa = 0.41) between the two assays. Findings from this preliminary study support the continued development of conductometric biosensors for use in the diagnosis of JD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141019128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]],"date-time":"2014-10-15T10:49:43Z","timestamp":1413370183000},"page":"19128-19137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comparison between a Conductometric Biosensor and ELISA in the Evaluation of Johne\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chika","family":"Okafor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Grooms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"given":"Evangelyn","family":"Alocilja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Bolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing,  MI 48824, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30408-4","article-title":"Transmission of paratuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Sweeney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029905001007","article-title":"Economic impact of reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease on dairy operations in the USA","volume":"72","author":"Losinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(99)00037-9","article-title":"Herd-level economic losses associated with Johne's disease on US dairy operations","volume":"40","author":"Ott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17058-X","article-title":"Culture of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the blood of patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"364","author":"Naser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41415.x","article-title":"Detection and isolation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from intestinal mucosal biopsies of patients with and without Crohn's disease in Sardinia","volume":"100","author":"Sechi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02598.x","article-title":"Zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: The current position","volume":"98","author":"Grant","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6015","DOI":"10.3390\/s8096015","article-title":"Fabrication of a novel conductometric biosensor for detecting Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis antibodies","volume":"8","author":"Okafor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201200386","article-title":"Microfluidic-integrated biosensors: Prospects for point-of-care diagnostics","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed, M.A. (2013). Advances in nanodiagnostic techniques for microbial agents. Biosens. Bioelectron., 391\u2013400. 51C.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.08.010"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(99)00039-1","article-title":"Biosensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Ivnitski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2003.815782","article-title":"Fabrication of a disposable biosensor for Escherichia coli O157:H7 detection","volume":"3","author":"Alocilja","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.09.036","article-title":"Rapid electrochemical detection of polyaniline-labeled Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"26","author":"Setterington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.01.013","article-title":"Nanowire labeled direct-charge transfer biosensor for detecting Bacillus species","volume":"22","author":"Pal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2005.846377","article-title":"Rapid detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus as surrogate of bioterrorism agents","volume":"5","author":"Alocilja","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2009.10.1.35","article-title":"A biosensor assay for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in fecal samples","volume":"10","author":"Kumanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girish, S. (2007). Determination of cutoff score for a diagnostic test. Internet J. Lab. Med., 2.","key":"ref_16","DOI":"10.5580\/1aca"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1665","article-title":"The Clinical Relevance of Assay Validation","volume":"15","author":"Murray","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Cont. Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870201400305","article-title":"Evaluation of two absorbed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and a complement fixation test as replacements for fecal culture in the detection of cows shedding Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis","volume":"14","author":"Kalis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.12.1912","article-title":"Consensus recommendations on diagnostic testing for the detection of paratuberculosis in cattle in the United States","volume":"229","author":"Collins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/10\/19128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:16:57Z","timestamp":1760217417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/10\/19128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s141019128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141019128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]}}}