{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:17:42Z","timestamp":1778134662578,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional X-ray-based cystography uses radio-opaque materials, but this method uses harmful ionizing radiation and is not sensitive. In this study, we demonstrate nonionizing and noninvasive photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence (FL) cystography using clinically relevant indocyanine green (ICG) in vivo. After transurethral injection of ICG into rats through a catheter, their bladders were photoacoustically and fluorescently visualized.  A deeply positioned bladder below the skin surface (i.e., ~1.5\u20135 mm) was clearly visible in the PA and FL image using a laser pulse energy of less than 2 mJ\/cm2 (1\/15 of the safety limit). Then, the in vivo imaging results were validated through  in situ studies. Our results suggest that dual modal cystography can provide a nonionizing and noninvasive imaging tool for bladder mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141019660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T10:07:45Z","timestamp":1413886065000},"page":"19660-19668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["In Vivo Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Cystography Using Clinically Relevant Dual Modal Indocyanine Green"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sungjo","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370, Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeesu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mansik","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaewon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370, Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chulhong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2010.08.009","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of conventional cystography for detection of urine leakage at the vesicourethral anastomosis site after radical prostatectomy based on computed tomography","volume":"66","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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