{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T01:49:56Z","timestamp":1769910596543,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has already been applied in a number of areas to facilitate the tracking process. However, the insufficient tracking accuracy of RFID is one of the problems that impedes its wider application. Previous studies focus on examining the accuracy of discrete points RFID, thereby leaving the tracking accuracy of the areas between the observed points unpredictable. In this study, spatial and temporal analysis is applied to interpolate the continuous distribution of RFID tracking accuracy based on the Kriging method. An implementation trial has been conducted in the loading and docking area in front of a warehouse to validate this approach. The results show that the weak signal area can be easily identified by the approach developed in the study. The optimum distance between two RFID readers and the effect of the sudden removal of readers are also presented by analysing the spatial and temporal variation of RFID tracking accuracy. This study reveals the correlation between the testing time and the stability of RFID tracking accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can be used to assist the RFID system setup process to increase tracking accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141120451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T11:19:24Z","timestamp":1414581564000},"page":"20451-20467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Analysis on the Distribution of Active Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) Tracking Accuracy with the Kriging Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4513-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, Curtin University,  Bentley WA 6102, Australia"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodside Energy Ltd., Perth 6000, Australia"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Voun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodside Energy Ltd., Perth 6000, Australia"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Truijens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodside Energy Ltd., Perth 6000, Australia"}]},{"given":"Hung-Lin","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, Curtin University,  Bentley WA 6102, Australia"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, Curtin University,  Bentley WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Housing and Interior Design, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-171, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5757","DOI":"10.3390\/s130505757","article-title":"A split-path schema-based rfid data storage model in supply chain management","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.3390\/s140304225","article-title":"RFID-based vehicle positioning and its applications in connected vehicles","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10094","DOI":"10.3390\/s111110094","article-title":"A novel sensor-assisted RFID-based indoor tracking system for the elderly living alone","volume":"11","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16077","DOI":"10.3390\/s121216077","article-title":"Modeling and performance analysis of movement-based group location management using RFID sensing in public transportation systems","volume":"12","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hsu, Y.C., Chen, A.P., and Wang, C.H. (2008, January 1\u20133). A RFID-Enabled Traceability System for the Supply Chain of Live Fish. Qingdao, China."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Anusha, S., and Iyer, S. (2005). Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing\u2013EUC 2005 Workshops, Springer."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Fagih, A.E., Al-Turjman, F.M., Hassanein, H.S., and Alsalih, W.M. (2012, January 26\u201328). Coverage-Based Placement in RFID Networks: An Overview. Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/MUSIC.2012.45"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540903564918","article-title":"An RFID-based digital warehouse management system in the tobacco industry: A case study","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2010.04.013","article-title":"Radio-mama: An RFID based business process framework for asset management","volume":"34","author":"Vo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"O'Driscoll, C., MacCormac, D., Deegan, M., Mtenzi, F., and O'Shea, B. (2008, January 23\u201325). RFID: An ideal technology for ubiquitous computing. Oslo, Norway."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Floerkemeier, C., and Lampe, M. (2004). Pervasive Computing, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Jeffery, S.R., Garofalakis, M., and Franklin, M.J. (2006, January 12\u201315). Adaptive cleaning for RFID data streams. Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chawla, K., McFarland, C., Robins, G., and Shope, C. (2012, January 25\u201327). Real-time RFID localization using RSS. Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS.2013.6577259"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905750","article-title":"Survey of wireless indoor positioning techniques and systems","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-004-1234-1","article-title":"Stepwise algorithms for improving the accuracy of both deterministic and probabilistic methods in WLAN-based indoor user localization","volume":"11","author":"Deasy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabesan, S., Crisp, M., Penty, R.V., and White, I.H. (2012, January 3\u20135). An error free passive uhf RFID system using a new form of wireless signal distribution. Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID.2012.6193057"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobkin, D.M., and Weigand, S.M. (2005, January 12\u201317). Environmental effects on RFID tag antennas. Long Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2005.1516541"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2010.05.006","article-title":"A comprehensive multi-factor analysis on RFID localization capability","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2006.09.002","article-title":"A proximity-based method for locating RFID tagged objects","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2009)23:4(230)","article-title":"Technological assessment of radio frequency identification technology for indoor localisation","volume":"23","author":"Pradhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000177","article-title":"Analysis of three indoor localisation technologies for supporting operations and maintenance field tasks","volume":"26","author":"Taneja","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.08.002","article-title":"Extending automation of building construction\u2014Survey on potential sensor technologies and robotic applications","volume":"36","author":"Gambaob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myung, J., and Lee, W. (2006, January 22\u201325). Adaptive splitting protocols for RFID tag collision arbitration. Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1132905.1132928"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namboodiri, V., and Gao, L. (2007, January 19\u201327). Energy-aware tag anti-collision protocols for RFID systems. White Plains, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2007.14"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Bornh\u00f6vd, C., Lin, T., Haller, S., and Schaper, J. (September, January 31). Integrating automatic data acquisition with business processes experiences with sap's auto-ID infrastructure. Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wang, F., and Liu, P. (September, January 30). Temporal management of RFID data. Trondheim, Norway."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.03.004","article-title":"Location tracking and data visualization technology to advance construction ironworkers' education and training in safety and productivity","volume":"35","author":"Teizer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2009.04.001","article-title":"Assessing the impact of materials tracking technologies on construction craft productivity","volume":"18","author":"Grau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.02.015","article-title":"Leveraging passive RFID technology for construction resource field mobility and status monitoring in a high-rise renovation project","volume":"24","author":"Costin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/784395","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of absolute rssi positioning algorithm-based microzoning and rfid in construction materials tracking","volume":"2014","author":"Truijens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.10.012","article-title":"A conceptual framework for integrating building information modeling with augmented reality","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Panten, K., Haneklaus, S., Schnug, E., and Robert, P. (2002, January 14\u201317). Monitor pedo cells derived from remote sensing images and yield maps in northern germany. Minneapolis, MN, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Griffith, D.A. (1988). Advanced Spatial Statistics: Special Topics in the Exploration of Quantitative Spatial Data Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Bailey, T.C., and Gatrell, A.C. (1995). Interactive Spatial Data Analysis, Longman Scientific & Technical."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799008941549","article-title":"Kriging: A method of interpolation for geographical information systems","volume":"4","author":"Oliver","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500338","article-title":"Comparison of spatial interpolation methods for the estimation of air quality data","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Li, J., and Heap, A.D. (2008). A Review of Spatial Interpolation Methods for Environmental Scientists, Geoscience Australia."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-005-0004-7","article-title":"Multigaussian kriging for point-support estimation: Incorporating constraints on the sum of the kriging weights","volume":"20","author":"Emery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012734519752","article-title":"Gis and geostatistics: Essential partners for spatial analysis","volume":"8","author":"Burrough","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Ecol. Stat."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"927","article-title":"A practical estimation method for groundwater level elevations","volume":"34","author":"Cho","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Korean Math. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.10.019","article-title":"Modeling small watersheds in brazilian amazonia with shuttle radar topographic mission-90m data","volume":"32","author":"Valeriano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"536","article-title":"An empirical case study on designer's perceptions of augmented reality within an architectural firm","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. ITCon."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40840-3_32","article-title":"Application of collaborative mobile system in ar-based visualization, data storage and manipulation","volume":"Volume 8091","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/2213-7459-1-8","article-title":"Tangible mixed reality for remote design review: A study understanding user perception and acceptance","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"309","article-title":"Augmented reality in architecture and design: Potentials and challenges for application","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5772\/5677","article-title":"Using augmented reality to plan virtual construction worksite","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.11.021","article-title":"Augmented reality in built environment: Classification and implications for future research","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/20451\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:34Z","timestamp":1760217454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/20451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s141120451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141120451","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]}}}