{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:26:34Z","timestamp":1760243194671,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]],"date-time":"2014-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A reflection fiber inclinometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on two linearly polarized (LP) modes coupling. The configuration consists of a section of polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) containing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) splicing with single mode fiber (SMF). Bending the PMF in the upstream of FBG can induce an additional birefringence of PMF, which results in the intensity changes of two LP modes owing to orthogonal polarization coupling. The experimental results represent that the device shows different bending responses at the angle range from 0\u00b0 to 40\u00b0and from 64\u00b0 to 88\u00b0, respectively. Moreover, the temperature change just shifts the wavelengths of LP modes reflected and does not influence their intensities, which effectively avoid the temperature cross-sensitivity and make it a good candidate for measuring inclinometer and temperature simultaneously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141120930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,6]],"date-time":"2014-11-06T02:48:56Z","timestamp":1415242136000},"page":"20930-20939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Temperature-Independent Fiber Inclinometer Based on Orthogonally Polarized Modes Coupling Using a  Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Bragg Grating"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China"}]},{"given":"Xueguang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China"}]},{"given":"Hangzhou","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China"}]},{"given":"Qiangzhou","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengyuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Material for High Power Lasers, Shanghai Institute of Optics and  Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongyao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2012.2188094","article-title":"Simultaneous Measurement for Displacement and Temperature Using Fiber Bragg Grating Cladding Mode Based on Core Diameter Mismatch","volume":"30","author":"Rong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29435","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.029435","article-title":"Localized strain sensing with fiber Bragg-grating ring cavities","volume":"21","author":"Campanella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6401","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.006401","article-title":"Very sensitive fiber Bragg grating accelerometer using transverse forces with an easy over-range protection and low cross axial sensitivity","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2167597","article-title":"Polarization-dependent in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer for discrimination of temperature and ambient index sensitivities","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.002841","article-title":"Optically compensated dual-polarization interferometric fiber-optic gyroscope","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.002940","article-title":"Switchable and tunable multiple-channel erbium-doped fiber laser using graphene-polymer nanocomposite and asymmetric two-stage fiber Sagnac loop fiber","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.002622","article-title":"Analytical solution of four-mode coupling in shear strain loaded fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"34","author":"Buck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28839","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.028839","article-title":"Orthogonal polarization mode coupling for pure twisted polarization maintaining fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2010.2040804","article-title":"Spectral Properties of Locally Pressed Fiber Bragg Gratings Written in Polarization Maintaining Fibers","volume":"28","author":"Torres","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2013.03.011","article-title":"Robust optical fiber bending sensor to measure frequency of vibration","volume":"51","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17576","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.017576","article-title":"Orientation-dependant inclinometer based on intermodal coupling of two-LP-modes in a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber","volume":"21","author":"Rong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.000214","article-title":"Bend measurement using an etched fiber incorporating a fiber Bragg grating","volume":"38","author":"Rauf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094013","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/9\/094013","article-title":"A study of the effect of the position of an edge filter within a ratiometric wavelength measurement system","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1109\/50.136086","article-title":"Bending losses of coated Single-mode fibers: A simple approach","volume":"10","author":"Renner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1109\/50.566689","article-title":"Bend loss in Single-mode fibers","volume":"15","author":"Faustini","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.001494","article-title":"In-line, fiber-optic polarimetric twist\/torsion sensor","volume":"38","author":"Lesnik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19097","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.019097","article-title":"VCSEL-powered and polarization-maintaining fiber-optic grating vector rotation sensor","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/20930\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:08:57Z","timestamp":1760216937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/20930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s141120930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141120930","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]]}}}