{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:27:06Z","timestamp":1760243226596,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although a wide range of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms has been described for a diverse range of array configurations, no specific stochastic analysis framework has been established to assess the probability density function of the error on DOA estimates due to random errors in the array geometry. Therefore, we propose a stochastic collocation method that relies on a generalized polynomial chaos expansion to connect the statistical distribution of random position errors to the resulting distribution of the DOA estimates. We apply this technique to the conventional root-MUSIC and the Khatri\u2013Rao-root-MUSIC methods. According to Monte-Carlo simulations, this novel approach yields a speedup by a factor of more than 100 in terms of CPU-time for a one-dimensional case and by a factor of 56 for a two-dimensional case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141121258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T08:59:22Z","timestamp":1415696362000},"page":"21258-21280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Influence of Random Element Displacement on DOA Estimates Obtained with (Khatri\u2013Rao-)Root-MUSIC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Veronique","family":"Inghelbrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Technology and Construction, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1 ,9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4003-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Verhaevert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Technology and Construction, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1 ,9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Van Hecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Technology and Construction, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1 ,9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8139-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Rogier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2034935","article-title":"DOA estimation of quasi-stationary signals with less sensors than sources and unknown spatial noise covariance: A Khatri-Rao subspace approach","volume":"58","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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