{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:23:41Z","timestamp":1785165821881,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["288568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["288568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The road transportation sector is responsible for around 25% of total man-made CO2 emissions worldwide. Considerable efforts are therefore underway to reduce these emissions using several approaches, including improved vehicle technologies, traffic management and changing driving behaviour. Detailed traffic and emissions models are used extensively to assess the potential effects of these measures. However, if the input and calibration data are not sufficiently detailed there is an inherent risk that the results may be inaccurate. This article presents the use of Floating Car Data to derive useful speed and acceleration values in the process of traffic model calibration as a means of ensuring more accurate results when simulating the effects of particular measures. The data acquired includes instantaneous GPS coordinates to track and select the itineraries, and speed and engine performance extracted directly from the on-board diagnostics system. Once the data is processed, the variations in several calibration parameters can be analyzed by comparing the base case model with the measure application scenarios. Depending on the measure, the results show changes of up to 6.4% in maximum speed values, and reductions of nearly 15% in acceleration and braking levels, especially when eco-driving is applied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141121358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T08:59:22Z","timestamp":1415696362000},"page":"21358-21374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Using Floating Car Data to Analyse the Effects of ITS Measures and Eco-Driving"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Garcia-Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transport Research Centre (TRANSyT), Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7265-2663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Monzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transport- Civil Eng. Department, Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.063","article-title":"Air Pollution, Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change: Global and Regional Perspectives","volume":"43","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2013). Annual European Union Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132011 and Inventory Report 2013, European Energy Agency."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2012). National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of JAPAN 2012, Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2013). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990\u20132011, the United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 430-R-13\u2013001."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2013). International Energy Outlook 2013, Energy Information Administration. DOE\/EIA-0484(2013)."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2010). The European Environment. State and Outlook 2010, Urban Environment."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2009). Mobilising Information and Communication Technologies to Facilitate the Transition to an Energy-Efficient, Low-Carbon Economy, European Commission. COM (2009) 111."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2008). Action Plan for the Deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems in Europe, Commission of the European Communities. COM (2008) 886."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treiber, M., and Kesting, A. (2013). Traffic Flow Dynamics, Springer-Verlag. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32460-4"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00180-1","article-title":"Speed-Dependent Representative Emission Factors for Catalyst Passenger Cars and Influencing Parameters","volume":"34","author":"Ntziachristos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2002)128:2(182)","article-title":"Estimating Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions Based on Instantaneous Speed and Acceleration Levels","volume":"128","author":"Ahn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Toffolo, S., Morello, E., Samaras, Z., Ntziachristos, L., Christian, V., Maier, W., and Garcia-Castro, A. (2014, January 14\u201317). ICT-Emissions Methodology for Assessing ITS and ICT Solutions. Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3141\/1876-01","article-title":"Guidelines for Calibration of Microsimulation Models: Framework and Applications","volume":"1876","author":"Dowling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.05.050","article-title":"Microscopic Calibration and Validation of Car-Following Models\u2014A Systematic Approach","volume":"80","author":"Treiber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198105193400106","article-title":"Analysis and Comparison of Microscopic Traffic Flow Models with Real Traffic Microscopic Data","volume":"1934","author":"Punzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3141\/1876-07","article-title":"Calibration and Validation of Microscopic Traffic Flow Models","volume":"1876","author":"Brockfeld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3141\/2088-16","article-title":"Calibrating Car-Following Models by Using Trajectory Data: Methodological Study","volume":"2088","author":"Kesting","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Monzon, A., Vega, L.A., and Pardeiro, A.M. (2006, January 11\u201314). Reducing Car Trips and Pollutant Emissions through Strategic Transport Planning in Madrid. Nicosia, Cyprus."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.01.018","article-title":"Effects of Average Speed Enforcement on Speed Compliance and Crashes: A Review of the Literature","volume":"54","author":"Soole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cascetta, E., Punzo, V., and Sorvillo, R. (2010, January 10\u201314). Impact on Vehicle Speeds and Pollutant Emissions of a Fully Automated Section Speed Control Scheme on the Naples Urban Motorway. Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zegeye, S.K., de Schutter, B., Hellendoorn, J., and Breunesse, E.A. (2010, January 19\u201322). Variable Speed Limits for Area-Wide Reduction of Emissions. Madeira Island, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2010.5625032"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"130","article-title":"Homogenization Effects of Variable Speed Limits","volume":"15","author":"Monzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Telecommun. J."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Klunder, G.A., Malone, K., Mak, J., Iwilmink, I.R., Schirokoff, A., Sihvola, N., Holm\u00e9n, C., Berger, A., de Lange, R., and Roeterdink, W. (2009). Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency in Road Transport\u2014Final Report, TNO Report for the European Commission."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.10.021","article-title":"Eco-Driving: An Overlooked Climate Change Initiative","volume":"38","author":"Barkenbus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"FIAT Eco-Driving Uncovered- the Benefit and Challenges of Eco-Driving Based on the First Study Using Real Journey Data. Available online: http:\/\/www.fiat.co.uk\/uploadedFiles\/Fiatcouk\/Stand_Alone_Sites\/EcoDrive2010\/ECO-DRIVING_UNCOVERED_full_report_2010_UK.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wilbers, P. (1999, January 16\u201317). The New Driving Force: A New Approach to Promote Energy-Efficient Purchasing and Driving Behaviour. Graz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.07.021","article-title":"IEA policies\u2014G8 Recommendations and an Afterwards","volume":"37","author":"Onoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2007.05.001","article-title":"A New Modelling Approach for Road Traffic Emissions: VERSIT+","volume":"12","author":"Smit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2007)133:2(96)","article-title":"Estimating the Effects of Traffic Congestion on Fuel Consumption and Vehicle Emissions Based on Acceleration Noise","volume":"133","author":"Greenwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"PTV (2011). VISSIM 5.40: User Manual, Planung Transport Verkehr."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Wiedemann, R. (1991, January 4\u20136). Modelling of RTI-Elements on Multi-Lane Roads. Brussels, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"TSS-Transport Simulation Systems (2013). AIMSUN Version 8.0 User's Manual, TSS-Transport Simulation Systems."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2615(81)90037-0","article-title":"A Behavioural Car-Following Model for Computer Simulation","volume":"15","author":"Gipps","year":"1981","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/21358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:11Z","timestamp":1760216951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/21358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s141121358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141121358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]]}}}