{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T15:50:20Z","timestamp":1774799420289,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]],"date-time":"2014-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 102-2112-M-003 -008 -MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2112-M-003 -008 -MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 103-2420-H-003 -006-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 103-2420-H-003 -006-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 102-2923-M-003 -001 -"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2923-M-003 -001 -"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 103-2923-M-003 -002 -"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 103-2923-M-003 -002 -"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 103-2112-M-003 -010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 103-2112-M-003 -010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 102-2120-M-168-001-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2120-M-168-001-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 102-2112-M-003 -017 -"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2112-M-003 -017 -"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Aim for the Top University Plan&quot; of the National Taiwan Normal University and the Ministry of Education, Taiwan, R.O.C","award":["103J1A27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103J1A27"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we report the use of bio-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (BMNs) and dynamic magnetic resonance (DMR) to characterize the time-dependent spin-spin relaxation time for sensitive bio-detection. The biomarkers are the human C-reactive protein (CRP) while the BMNs are the anti-CRP bound onto dextran-coated Fe3O4 particles labeled as Fe3O4-antiCRP. It was found the time-dependent spin-spin relaxation time, T2, of protons decreases as time evolves. Additionally, the \u0394T2 of of protons in BMNs increases as the concentration of CRP increases. We attribute these to the formation of the magnetic clusters that deteriorate the field homogeneity of nearby protons. A sensitivity better than 0.1 \u03bcg\/mL for assaying CRP is achieved, which is much higher than that required by the clinical criteria (0.5 mg\/dL). The present MR-detection platform shows promise for further use in detecting tumors, viruses, and proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141121409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]],"date-time":"2014-11-12T11:53:07Z","timestamp":1415793187000},"page":"21409-21417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Using Bio-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles and  Dynamic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Characterize the Time-Dependent Spin-Spin Relaxation Time for Sensitive  Bio-Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Hsien","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University,  Taipei 116, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Kuen-Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan 710, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University,  Taipei 116, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Jen-Jie","family":"Chieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University,  Taipei 116, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Herng-Er","family":"Horng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University,  Taipei 116, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Li-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Applied Physics and Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Hong-Chang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan 710, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.01.006","article-title":"Nanotechnologies for biomolecular detection and medical diagnostics","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. 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